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patho > respiratory ch.5 > Flashcards

respiratory ch.5 Flashcards

1
Q

lung cancer

A

begins in the lungs and is most common in smokers

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2
Q

lung cancer patho

A
  • complex
  • dysplasia in lung epithelial tissue
  • exposure to carciogens can lead to genetic mutation and affect protein synthesis
  • disruption of the cell cycle which causes carcinogenesis
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3
Q

lung cancer etiology

A
  • caused by repeaed exposure to carcinogens (especially cigarette smoke)
  • exposure to radon gas (second leading cost)
  • occupational exposure: paving, roofing, painting and chimney sweeping
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4
Q

treatments of lung cancer

A

depends on stage

  • quit smooking
  • medications: chemo, targeted therapy, immunotherapy
  • surgery: pulmonary lobectomy, wedge resection
  • medical procedures: radiation, thoractomy
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5
Q

diagonsis of lung cancer

A

two types of lung cancer: small cell lung cancer and non small cell cancer

  • x-ray
  • ct
  • sptum cytology
  • tissue biopsy
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6
Q

lung cancer clinical manifestation

A
  • dyspnea
  • chest pain
  • anemia
  • persistent cough or chance in usual cough
  • frequent respiratory infection
  • airway obstruction
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7
Q

stage of lung cancer

A
  • stage 1: invaded underlying lung tissue
  • stage 2: neighboring lymoth nodes
  • stage 3A: lungs to lympth nodes in center of cest
  • stage 3B- lungs to lympth node in areas of the collarbone, heart, blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus
  • stage 4: spread to other parts of body, such as liver bones or brain
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8
Q

lung cancer prevention

A
  • stop smoking
  • second hand smoke
  • family history
  • hiv infection
  • environmental risk factors
  • beta carotene supplements in heavy smokers
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9
Q

normal oxygen levels

A

80-100 mm hg

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10
Q

oxygen levels with arf

A

oxygen can be dangerously low (less than 50mm hg) which damages the nervous system, or CO2 levels become dangerously high (greater than 50 mm HG) leading to respiratory aciddosis which triggers vaso constriction causing cardiac arrest

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11
Q

patho of respiratory failure

A

respiratory failure happens when the capillaries or tiny blood vessels surrounding your air sacs cant properly exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

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12
Q

etiology of respiratory failure

A

COPD, asthma, ARDs, amyotropic lateral sceloris, alcohol or drug overdose, and spinal cord injury

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13
Q

clinical manifestations of respiratory failure

A 
shallow respiration
headache
tachycardia
dysrhythmias
lethargy 
confusion
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14
Q

diagnosis of respiratory failure

A 
physical examination
chest x-ray
electrocardiogram
cbc
abg (arterial blood gases)
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15
Q

treatment of respiratory failure

A
  • oxygen therapy
  • endotracheal intubation with ventilation support
  • bronchodilators
  • antibiotics
  • corticosteroids
  • treatment of emboli
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16
Q

asthma clinical manifestations

A
  • Shortness of breath.
    ● Chest tightness or pain.
    ● Wheezing when exhaling, which is also a common sign of asthma in kids.
    ● Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing.
    ● Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or
    the flu.
    ● being too breathless to eat, speak or sleep.
    ● breathing faster.
    ● a fast heartbeat.
    ● drowsiness, confusion, exhaustion or dizziness.
    ● blue lips or fingers.
    ● fainting.
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17
Q

patho of asthma

A
  • inflammed airways react to environmental triggers such as smoke, dust, pollen
  • airway epithelial cells, which are the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens are partiles, initiate airway inflammation and produce muscous
  • leads to coughing and breathign dificulties
  • airway narrows
  • result of immune response in the bronchial airways
  • in response bronchi contract into spasm
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18
Q

genetic predisposition of asthma

A
  • more than 100 genes associated with allergic asthma
  • offspirng of asthmatic parents
  • ORMDL3 gene associated with childhood onset
  • HLA-DQ gene was related to later onset asthma
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19
Q

treatment of asthma

A
  • symptoms controlled
  • inhaled and systemic corticosteroids: supress airway inflammation
  • bronchiodilators
  • leukitriene
  • mast cell stabilizer
  • anticholinergics
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20
Q

diagnosis of asthma

A
  • lung function test

- chest or sinus x ray

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21
Q

pt teaching of asthma

A
  • properly teach pt. how to use inhaler
  • take asthma medication directly as your provider tells u
  • be sure to always have a quick- relief inhaler
  • watch for early changes of symptoms getting worse by using a peak flow meter
  • use dust proof covers
  • dont smoke
  • try to keep window closed during pollen seasons
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22
Q

what is pneumonia

A
  • an infection that inflamed the lungs and impairs gas exchange
  • air sacs fill with fluid causing cough and difficulty breathing
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23
Q

patho of pneumonia

A

development occurs when a pathogen reaches the alveoli and host defesnes are overwhelmed by microorganisms or by the inoculum size

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24
Q

pneumonia diagnosis

A
  • ineffective airway clearance
  • impaired gas exchange
  • ineffective breathing pattern
  • risk for infection
  • acute pain
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25
Q

pneumonia etiology

A
  1. infectious agents
    A: bacteria and viruses that are usually inhaled
    - infection gets into lungs causing inflammation
    - steptococcus pneumoniaw is responsible for most cases of pneumonia
    B: fungi
2. injurious agents
A: aspiration
- gastric contents
B: endotracheal intubation 
C: smoke
- inhalation of smoke or chemicals
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26
Q

clinical manifestations pneumonia

A
  • hypoxemia
  • cough
  • fever
  • rapid and shallow breathing
  • loss of appetite
  • abnormal lung sounds
  • fatigue
  • chest pain
  • dehydration
  • clammy skin
  • difficult or labored breathing
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27
Q

pt. teaching pneumonia

A
  • what exactly pneumonia is
  • different stages of pnemonia
  • when/how to take medications
  • what the medications are used for
28
Q

pneumonia prevention

A
  • many different pneumonia vaccines
  • flu vaccines
  • quit smoking
  • wash hands often
  • maintain healthy lifestyles
29
Q

medications/treatment pneumonia

A
  • macrolide medications
  • oral antibiotics
  • antiviral medications
  • over the counter meds
  • hospitalization
  • oxygen therapy
30
Q

influenza patho

A
  • acute disease attacks your respiratory system
  • lung inflammation and compromise caused by direct viral infection or the respiratory epithelium, combined with effects of lung inflammation caused by immune responses recruited to handle the spreading virus
31
Q

influenza etiology

A
  • virus that infect nose, throat lungs
  • caused by people coughing, sneezing or talkng and sending droplets into the air or into he mouth of someone who is not infected
  • can touch surface with droplets and than someones touches there noes
  • can spread up to 5-7 days after symtoms develop
32
Q

influenza risk factors

A
  • chronic lung disease
  • heart disease
  • kidney disease
  • severe anemia
33
Q

influenza diagnosis

A

rapid influenza diagnosis test

34
Q

clinical manifestations influenza

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • muscle aches
  • fatigue
  • rhinorrhea
35
Q

influenza prevention

A
  • annal vac
  • wash hands
  • cleaning disinfecting surfaces
  • staying home
36
Q

influenza treatment

A
  • antiviral meds
  • rest, nutrition, hydration
  • see doc
37
Q

COPD risk factors

A
  • exposure to tobacco smoke
  • exposure to dust and chemicals
  • exposure to fumes from burning fuel
  • people with ashma
  • genetics
38
Q

COPD treatment

A
  • bronchodilators

- steroids

39
Q

diagonsis of COPD

A
  • pulmonary function test
  • spirometry
  • chest x-rays and ct scans
40
Q

patho of COPD

A
  • combined process of narrowing airways- limitd airflow and causes loss and destruction of aveloi, bronchioles, and surrounding capillary vessels
  • lung capacity further decreases
  • reduced airflow
  • dyspnea
  • hypercapina
41
Q

etiology of COPD

A

smoking and people exposed to fumes, like carbon monoxide or chemicals
- alpha-1 antitrypsin genetic link to copd

two causes:

  • emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
42
Q

prevention of copd

A
  • no prevention
  • getting flu vac
  • quit smoking
43
Q

clinical manifestations of copd

A
  • shortness of breath
  • wheezing
  • chest tightness
  • lack of energy
  • weight loss
  • chronic cough
  • edema
  • anorexia
44
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of excess fluid in the plerual space or pleura (membranous linning of the lungs and chest cavity)

45
Q

normal fluid in lungs

A
  • 10-20ml of fluid
  • lubricates lungs
  • decreases friction
46
Q

patho of pleural effusion

A
  • excessive fluid in small space
  • compresses lungs
  • limits expansion during inhalation
  • can affect one or both lungs
  • various types of fluid can accumulate in a variety of locations
47
Q

what can accumulate in pleural effusion

A
  • exudative: protein- rich fluid
  • transudative: watery
  • hemothorax: blood
  • pneumothorax: air
  • empyema: pus
48
Q

etiology pleural effusion

A
  • heart failure
  • pulmonary embolism
  • cirrhosis
  • pneuminia
  • kidney disease
  • cancer
  • bleeding
49
Q

diagnosis pleural effusion

A

xray
ct scan
ultrasound

50
Q

clinical mafiestations pleural effusion

A
  • dyspnea
  • pleuritic chest pain
  • tachypnea
  • tracheal deviation
  • pleural friction rub
  • tachycardia
  • dminished/absent lung sounds
51
Q

pleural effusion treatments

A
  • depends on s/s
  • some resolve w/o tx
  • correct underlying cause
  • remove excess fluid: thoracentesis, chest tube
  • antibiotics
52
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete alveolar expansion or collapse of the alveoli

53
Q

normal for alveolo

A
  • alveoli expand
  • has exchange
  • o2 is brought in during inhalation
  • co2 is expelled during exhalation
54
Q

patho of atelectasis

A
  • walls of alveoli stick together

- prevents adequate gas exchange

55
Q

etiology atelectasis

A
  • surfactanr deficiency- prevents aveloi from sticking together
  • bronchus obstruction
  • compression of lung tissue
  • lung fibrosis
56
Q

risk factors atelectasis

A
  • surgery

- inmmobility

57
Q

clinical manifestations

A
  • tachypnea
  • decrease breath sounds
  • dyspnea
  • anxiety
  • restlessness
  • tachycardia
  • asymmestrical chest expansion
58
Q

prevention of atelectasis

A
  • increase mobility
  • breathing exercises
  • cough and deep breaths
  • inventive spirometry
  • pain management
59
Q

treatment of atelectasis

A
  • antibiotics
  • thoracentesis
  • incentive spirometry
  • bronchodilator
60
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • lung condition that causes shortness of breath

- air sacs in the lungs are damaged

61
Q

emphysema patho

A
  • Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture. Creating larger air spaces instead of multiple small ones.
  • Reduces the surface area of the lungs, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream.
  • When exhaling old air gets trapped, new air can not enter
  • Can cause long term chronic bronchitis
62
Q

treatment of ephysema

A
  • Pursed-lip breathing - helps to keep airways open longer so that you can remove the air that is trapped in your lungs by slowing down your breathing rate - Lung reduction surgery - removes diseased lung tissue to help patient breathe easier - Bronchodilators - helps relieve coughing, shortness of breath and breathing problems by relaxing constricted airways within the lungs.
  • Inhaled steroids - Corticosteroid drugs inhaled as aerosol sprays will help reduce inflammation and may help relieve shortness of breath. - Antibiotics - If you have a bacterial infection, like acute bronchitis or pneumonia, antibiotics are appropriate on top of the other drugs diagnosed by the provider
63
Q

therapy of ephysema

A
  • Pulmonary rehabilitation - a rehab program can teach patients breathing exercises
  • Nutrition therapy - proper nutrition can benefit patients with emphysema as early stages require many to lose weight while later stages require patients to gain weight
  • Supplemental oxygen - using oxygen regularly at home via nasal cannula as well as when performing tasks or exercising can help provide some relief.
64
Q

etiology of emphysema

A

Long term exposure to irritants that damage your lungs and the airways. Main cause is cigarette smoking but other types of smoking such as pipes, cigars and tobacco can also be a cause.

65
Q

diagnosis of emphysema

A
  • Pulmonary function tests- breathe into a tube, and it measures
    How much air your lungs can hold
    How fast you can blow air
    How much air stays trapped in your lungs after exhalation
  • Physical Examination: doctor will notice clinical manifestations
  • Chest X-Ray- advanced emphysema: lungs become larger
  • CT scan- air sacs (alveoli) will be destroyed
  • Complete Blood Count- shows a normal amount of white and red blood cells. With emphysema your body produces more rbc to make up for the low amount of O2. More WBC= infection
66
Q

emphsyma clinical manifestations

A
  • Frequent coughing or wheezing
  • Cough that produces a lot of mucus
  • Shortness of breath
  • Tight chest
  • Lips/fingernails turn blue
  • Dyspnea upon exertion
  • Wheezing
  • Tachypnea
  • Hypoxia
  • Hypercapnia
  • Barrel chest
  • You can have this for many years and not notice any symptoms

patho (24 decks)

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