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gi alterations Flashcards

1
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

portion of stomach protrudes upward through the opening in the diaphragm
- usually found accidentally

patho:

  • weakening of diaphragm
  • increases intrathoratic or intra abdominal pressure
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2
Q

risk factors Hiatal hernia

A
  • smokers
  • women
  • over 50
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
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3
Q

Hiatal hernia clinical manifestation

A
  • none
  • pain
  • fullness
  • reflux/ heart burn
  • epigastric discomfort: fuller longer since stomach is smaller
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4
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease

A

chyme or bile periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus

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5
Q

patho gastroesophageal reflux

A
  • gastic secretions reflux into esophagus
  • esophaguses damaged
  • lower esophageal spincter does not close tightly
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6
Q

gastroesophageal reflux risk factors

A
  • foods (chocolate, citrus fruit, spicy or fatty foods)
  • beverages (caffeine, carbonated beverages, alcohol)
  • medical conditions (hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy)
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7
Q

gastroesophageal reflux clinical manifestations

A
  • heartburn or epigastric pain
  • dysphagia
  • sensation of a lump in throat
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8
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of stomach mucosa

patho
- mucosal inning of stomach is broken down

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9
Q

gastritis risk factors

A 
alcohol
NSAIDS
stress
autoimmune conditions 
h. pylori
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10
Q

gastritis clinical manifestations

A
  • indegestion/ heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, N/V, anorexia, fever and malaise
  • hemamesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulcerations and bleeding
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11
Q

gastroenteritis

A
  • inflammation of the stomach and intestines

patho:

  • bacterial- H.pylori
  • viral- norovirus: spreads on cruise ships
  • allergic reactions: food allergies
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12
Q

gastroenteritis risk factors

A
  • contaminated food/water

- contact w infected person

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13
Q

gastroenteritis clinical manifestations

A
  • same as gastritis: indegestion/ heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, N/V, anorexia, fever and malaise
  • hemamesis and dark, tarry stools can indicate ulcerations and bleeding
  • diarrhea
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14
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)`

A
  • erosion of linning of stomach duodenum or esophagus
  • named based on where they are occurring

patho:

  • increase acid production
  • decrease mucous production
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15
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD) risk factors

A

NSAIDS, H. pylori, stress, smoking, alcohol, family hx

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16
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD): duodenal ulcers

A
  • excessive acid or h. pylori infection

- epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food

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17
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD): gastric ulcers

A
  • less frequent but more deadly
  • typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
  • pain is typically worsens with eating
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18
Q

oral cancer

A
  • ca in the mouth

risk factors:

  • tobacco use
  • alcohol
  • hpv infection (older adult generation)

clinical manifestations

  • painless oral sore- delays treatment
  • difficultly chewing
  • swallowing speaking
  • brushing teeth
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19
Q

esophageal cancer

A
  • Ca of esophagus

risk factors

  • tobacco use
  • alcohol
  • barrets esophagus: precancerous change at cells;ar level. tissue in esophagus changes

clinical manifestations

  • asymptomatic
  • painful and difficulty swallowing: as tumor grows
  • wt. loss
  • halitosis: bad breath
  • stridor
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20
Q

gastric cancer

A
  • ca of stomach

risk factors

  • h. pylori
  • autoimmune gastritis
  • smoking
  • fiber diet

clinical manifestations

  • abd pain
  • melena
  • belching
  • n/v
  • anorexia
  • hematemesis
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21
Q

intestinal obstruction

A
  • flow of intestinal contentes is blocked
  • sbo: small bowel obstruction
  • lbo: large bowel obstruction

mechanical:

  • blockage occurs within the intestine
  • tumor adhesion
  • as a result of something putting pressure

non- mechanical

  • peristalsis is impaired
  • partial or complete
22
Q

intestinal obstruction clinical manifestations

A
  • abdominal pain
  • blood and mucus per rectum
  • feces and flatus cease
  • fecal committing may occur
  • bowel sounds high pitched/ tinkling or absent
  • abdominal distention
  • fluid/ electrolyte imbalance
23
Q

appendicitis’s

A

inflammation of appendix

patho

  • infection triggers localized edema
  • fluid builds inside the appendix
  • appendix fills with purulent exudate
  • pressure inside the appendix escalates causing reputure
24
Q

appendicitis’s clinical manifestations

A
  • fever
  • pain
  • n/v
  • anorexia
  • pressure make it better
  • check for rebound tenderness
25
peritonitis
- inflammation of infection of peritoneal cavity - system wide infection - thick sticky exudate that bonds nearby structures and temporally seals them off - peristalsis may slow down in a response to the inflammation, decreasing spread of toxins, bacteria
26
peritonitis signs and symptoms
- abdominal pain - abdominal rigidity - nausea/ vomiting - fever need antibiotic iv fluid
27
chrons
inflammatory bowel disease - any part of the intestine - remissions and exacerbations - slow developing often develops in adolescence - intestinal wall a cobblestone appearance - decreased ability to digest and absorb etiology - unknown - hereditary
28
chrons clinical manifestation
- abdominal pain or cramping - weight loss - diarreha - fluid and electrolyte imbalance
29
ulcerative colitis
inflammatory bowel disease - progressive conditon: more serve autoimmune - usually develops in 20s- 30s - inflammation causes epithelium loss, surface erosion, and ulceration - affects large intestines and rectum
30
ulcerative colitis clinical manifestations
- ab pain - 5 to 20 stools daily, 30-40 times - rectal bleeding - fecal urgency - anorexia and weight loss - cramping - dehydration - difficultly maintaining jobs/ school
31
diverticular disease
diverticulum=1 - out pouching of bowel mucous membrane - happens as a result of bowel weakening from low fiber diet and poor bowel habits such as chronic constipation diverticulosis- does not cause symptoms - multiple diverticula diverticulitis- something lodged in hole - inflammation/ infection of diverticulum
32
diverticular disease
- diarrhea/ constipation | - cramps/llq pain: comes and goes
33
colorectal cancer
cancer or large intestines or recum etiology - lack of dietary fiber - ulcerative colitis - family hx clinical manifestations - change in bowel habits - blood or mucous in stools - abdominal or rectal pain - weight loss - anemia - obstruction - reastomic- put colon back together
34
gallbladder disorders: - cholecystitis - cholelithiasis - choledocholithiasis
three disorders - cholecystitis- inflammation of galbladder - cholelithiasis- stones - choledocholithiasis- stones in CBD- common bile duct (first two happen independtly)
35
gallbladder disorders risk factors
- age - obesity - diet (increase fat, increase cholesterol, decrease fiber) - pregnancy: after delivery= change in nutritional status - chronic diseases (of hypatbillary system)
36
gallbladder disorders clinical manifestations
- biliary colic- specific pain in RUQ radiates to shoulders and back after fatty meal - RUQ pain - n/v when stone lodged: - jaundice - chronic disease
37
hepatitis
inflammation of live etiology - viral or bacterial infections - drugs - alcohol - hepatotoxic drugs - metabolic/ vascular disorders
38
hepatitis types
- HAV- most common transmitted tru frcal oral route - HBC- transited thru blood, sexually transmited fluids: blood, stool, urine, saliva - HCV- transmitted thru blood, Iv drug use (not really seen anymore) use to associated with blood tranfusions - HDV- extremely rare - HEV- extremely rare
39
hepatitis prevention
- hand hygiene | - vaccines: hav, hbc
40
hepatitis symtoms
prodromal stage: 1 week - flu like symptoms: 1 week icteric stage: 2 to 6 weeks - jaundice, worsening symptoms convalescent: 2 to 6 weeks - returning to normal liver function (don't need to know)
41
cirrhosis
progressive, irreversible replacement of healthy tissue with scar tissue - 12th leading cause of death in US
42
cirrhosis etiology
- chronic alcohol use- most common - hepatotoxins drugs - hepatitis- left untreated - gallbladder obstruction- prolonged - heart failure
43
cirrhosis patho
- inflammation of liver cells - infiltration with fat and wbc - fibrotic scar tissue replacements liver tissue - abnormal regeneration - impaired liver blood flow and function
44
cirrhosis complication
- clotting defects - encephalopathy: elevation of ammonia portal hypertension - varices: enlarged vessels- risk for rapture: coughing/ vomitting can cause repture - ascites: fluid accumulation in addomen: fluid not being held in vascular system
45
pancreatitis
acute or chronic inflammation of pancreas patho: - autodigestion: pancreatic enzymes - pancreatic tissue is replacement by fibrosis: dysfunction of the islets of langerhans: exocrine and endocrine change
46
pancreatitis etiology
alcohol biliary disease trauma certain drugs
47
pancreatitis manifestations of acute pancreatitis
- sudden and severe - upper abd pain worsens after eating g - nausea and vomiting - mild jaundice - low grade fever - blood pressure and pulse changes
48
pancreatitis manifestations of chronic pancreatitis
- upper ab pain - ingestion - losing weight without trying - steatorrhea- oily/ fatty stool (floating poop) - constipation - flatulence
49
liver cancer
ca of the liver - commonly occurs as secondary tumor risk factors - chronic hepatitis - alcoholism - hepatotoxins clinical manifestations - similar to hepatitis and cirrhosis
50
pancreatic cancers
ca of the pancreases - metasiszes quickly risk factors - smoking - obesity - dm - pancreatitis - alcoholism - diet increase red meat clinical manifestations - weight loss - abd pain - n/v anorexia - jaundice

patho (24 decks)

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