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patho > immunity > Flashcards

immunity Flashcards

1
Q

hypersensitivity reactions

A
  • inappropriate response to antigen
  • occurs immediately or within minutes to hours
  • classified by pathogenesis
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2
Q

classified pathogenesis

A

type 1
- IgE mediated

type 2
- cytotoxic reactions

type 3
- immune complex

type 4
- cellular/ delayed

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3
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igG

A
  • defense against bacteria
  • most numerous
  • within the blood and lymph
  • ability to cross the placenta
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4
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igM

A
  • defense against blood-borne infections
  • produces additional igG
  • first responder
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5
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igA

A

located within mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucous, and colostrum

  • nonspecific- protect against a wide variety
  • gatekeeper- the line of defense and portals of entry
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6
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igE

A
  • initiates inflammation to trigger allergic reactions (contact allergies)
  • support mucous membranes and skin
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7
Q

immunoglobulin functions: igD

A
  • rarest immunoglobulin
  • monitors other immunoglobulins
  • stop autoimmune from occurring
  • regulatory
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8
Q

type 1 hypersensitivty

A

immediate reaction
- had to have been previously exposed (sensitization)

1st exposure: IgE: antibodies are made and attach to mast cells through the body

2nd exposure: antigen causes IgE to trigger T cells and histamine

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9
Q

type 11 hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic and cytolytic reaction
- igG and igM antibodies bind with antigen on cell surface

  • cell destruction occurs
  • resulting in: Lysis, phagocytosis
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10
Q

cell destruction

A

complement-mediated cell lysis

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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11
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity targets

A

rbcs, wbcs, plts

  • abo incompatibilities
  • rh incompatibilities
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12
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity

A
  • immune complex reactions: antigen-antibody complexes
  • ineffectively removed by phagocytosis
  • autoimmune diseases
  • sites: kidneys, skin, joints, blood vessels. and lungs
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13
Q

type 4 hypersensitivty

A
  • cell-mediated or delayed hyperensitivty reactions. mediated by t cells as opposed to antibodies
  • occurs in two phases
    • sensitization phase
    • effector phase
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14
Q

type 3 examples

A

examples: systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis

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15
Q

type 4 examples

A

contact dermatitis, tubercule and skin testing and transplant rejections

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16
Q

sensitization phase

A

contact with antigen stimulates memory cells

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17
Q

effector phase

A

subsequent exposure
release of cytokines
ends in phagocytosis

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18
Q

allogeneic

A

transplanted tissue from the same species but not identical

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19
Q

syngenic

A

transplanted tissue its from identical tiwn

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20
Q

autologous

A

transplanted tissue is from the host

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21
Q

xenogenic

A

transplanted tissue is from another species

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22
Q

hyperacute tissue rejections

A
  • immediately- 3 days post-transplant

- host has antibodies against donor tissue

23
Q

acute tissue rejection

A
  • 4 days- 3 months post-transplant
  • most common and treatable
  • result from cell destruction
24
Q

chronic tissue rejection

A
  • 4 months- years after transplant

- antibody-antigen mediated

25
Q

classification of transplant rejections

A
  • host-versus-graft rejection: host rejecting transplant

- graft-versus-host rejection- transplant tissue attacks person- only for bone marrow

26
Q

autoimmunity

A
  • normal defenses become self-destructive
  • 80 diseases
  • treatment focuses on symptom management
  • common to have multiple
  • women after more than men
  • exacerbations
  • remissions
27
Q

lupus types

A
  • neonatal
  • discoid
  • drug induced systemic lupus
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
    • most common
    • chronic, progressive, inflammatory
    • multisystem disorder
28
Q

joints

A
  • polyarthritis: joint pain in 5 joints

- arthralgia: joint stiffness

29
Q

skin

A
  • butterfly rash
  • photosensitivity
  • oral ulcers
  • alopecia
30
Q

kidneys

A
  • proteinuria- protein in urine

- glomerulonephritis

31
Q

lungs

A

pleurisy- sever inflammtion of pleural linning

32
Q

heart

A

carditis- inflammation of sac around heart

33
Q

blood vessels

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

34
Q

nervous system

A
  • depression
  • mood changes
  • seizures
35
Q

diagnosis of sle

A
  • no single test
  • scored based on 22 criteria

lab test

  • antinuclear antibody screen (ANA)
  • erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • c- reactive protein (CRP)
36
Q

treatment of SLE

A
  • symptom management
  • stress reduction, exercise, sleep

medical

  • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories: tynol
  • corticosteroids: inflammation
  • immunosuppressants
37
Q

primary immunodeficiencies

A
  • defect within the immune system

- genetic and or congenital abnormalities

38
Q

secondary immunodeficiencies

A
  • underlying disease
    • infection
    • liver diseases
  • suppressing factors
    • medications
    • malnutrition
39
Q

opportunistic infections

A

infections from pathogens that typically wouldn’t cause disease

40
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A
  • chronic infection: no longer characterized as life-ending illness
  • sometimes progressive immune disorder
41
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A
  • late phase of HIV infection

- no cure

42
Q

HIV-1

A

worldwide

43
Q

HIV-2

A

Africa

44
Q

HIV modes of transmission

A

person to person

needs a portal entry

45
Q

person to person

A 
blood
semen
vaginal secretions 
breast milk
body fluids containing blood
46
Q

portal of entry

A

tear in mucous membrane
non-intact skin
access to bloodstream or lymphatic tissue

47
Q

HIV patho

A
  • hiv viral particle taken into the human cell–> covering destroyed to expose viral RNA
  • reserve transcriptase (enzyme) forces the human cell to produce new DNA from viral; RNA
  • New DNA than spreads via the lymphoid system
  • CDA + t-lymphocytes begin to function abnormally
  • impairment of the immune system results
48
Q

HIV progression

A
  • initial infection –> clinical latency stage (symtom free)

- if infection remains untreated—> CD4+ Tlymphocytes begin to decrease

49
Q

how long does symtom free period vary

A

8-12 years

early symtomatic stage= signs of weakening immune system

50
Q

HIV diagnosis

A
  • enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay

- nucleic acid test

51
Q

aids diagnosis

A
  • CD4+ t lyphocyte count below 200

- opportunistic infections and diseases

52
Q

management of HIV

A
  • no cure

- prevent or delay development of opportunistic disease

53
Q

prevntion of HIV

A
  • pre-exposure prophlaxis

- safe sex practices

patho (24 decks)

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