musculoskeletal function ch.12 Flashcards
kyphosis
- increase curvature of thoracic spine
- hunchback
- adolescences and adulthood
lordosis
- increase inward curvature of lumbar spine
- swayback
- poor posture, obesity, pregnancy
scoliosis
- lateral deviation (side to side) lumbar or thoratic
- increase in females
fractures
breaks in bones
- open- break skin
- closed- does not break skin
- complete: done divided into 2 or more pieces
- incomplete: no degree of separation
fracture cause
trauma
pathological
simple fracture
clean break
maintain of alignment
communuted
multiple fractures
spiral
twist around bone shaft
fracture healing process
- clot formation at fracture site
- fibroblast and osteoblast arrive, fibrocartilage callus forms
- new bone forms
- bone remodeling continues until bone intact, repair and healing completed
takes up to 4-6 weeks
compartment syndrome
restriction of blood flow to one or more muscle compartment
internal pressure:
- ivf infilitration, inflammation and edema
external pressure:
- dressing or casts being too tight
s/s of compartment syndrome
- serve pain unrelieved by narcotics
- decreased sensation, numbness/tingling, paleness and weakness
fat embolism
- rare
- serious: 80% mortality
- small fat droplets are rebased from bone marrow into blood stream and can occur up to 72 hours after injury
s/s of fat embolism
- change in mental status
- respiratory distress
- tachypnea
- crackles and wheezes
osteomyelitis
- infection of bone
- prevention key
- fever, redness, heat, pain, swelling
- goes undetected
treatment of osteomyelitis
- long term antibiotic theraoy: 4-6 weeks
- incisions and drainage
- amputation
dislocations
- serration of two bones from where they meet joint
- complete or partial (subluxation)
- joint deformity and immobility
- result from sudden impact or pathological cause
- most common shoulder and clavicle
- immergent situation–> compression of bv and nerve endings can occur
- split it
- orthopedics will put it back
sprain
injury to ligament
- stretching or tearing
- joint is forced into unnatural position
- excessive stretching from twisting movement
strains
- injury to muscle tendon
- stretching or tearing
- sudden or develop over time
PRICE
P: protect from further injury R: rest but don't avoid all activity I: ice to decrease pain, swelling, inflammation, 10-15 min 4x a day for first 48 hr C: compression with elastic bandage E: elevating affected are
herniated disk patho
- herniation of nucleus pulpsos
- compression of nerve roots
- cervial, lumbar most common
herniated disk etiology
injury: poor body mechanics
- may be unknown
osteoporosis
- low bone mass as bone loses density
- prone to fractures
- spine, wirst, hip Most common
- all bones affected
- imbalance remodeling process
- prevalence
- over age 50 fractures: 1 in 2 W and 1 in 4 m suffer fracture
osteoporosis
hip/ vertebral fractures
- reduced quality o lie
- increased liability
- risk of death (during year after fracture)
osteoporosis prevention
- build bone through age 30
- obtain adequate calcium and vitamin d
- exercise (especially childhood)
- avoid alcohol and smoking
- fractures can be life treating
- increased rate of death in first year over age 50
osteoporosis risk factors
- female gender
- aging
- causcasins
- asian
- smal boned, petite
- postmenopausal status
- low testosterone and estrogen in men
- family history
- history of fractures
- low calcium intake
- low vitamin d
- excessive caffein, protein, sodium
- sedentary lifestyle
- excessive alcohol use
- cigarette smoking
osteoarthritis
- degenerative joint disease
- common
osteoarthritis patho
- articular cartilage/ joints bone ends deteriorate
- joint space narrows, bone spurs develop, joint inflammed
- joint deformities, pain, immobility
- weight- bearing joints
osteoarthritis causes
- unknown
- risk factors: aging, obesity, excessive “wear and tear” on synovial joints
rheumatoid arthritis
- chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease
- destroys synovial joints and other connective tissues
- includes major organs
rheumatoid arthritis patho
- synovitis: inflammation of lining of joint capsule
- synovium thickens, fluid accumlates
- joint deformity
- other connective tissue affected
- pain in joint during remission
- joint looses shape - decrease quality of life
gout patho
- systemic connective tissue disorder
- uric acid build up
- urate crystals deposed in joints/ connective tissues
- severe inflammation
gout cause and types
primary:
- inherited problem with purine metabolism
secondary
- another health problem