cellular function chapter 1

Question 1

cellular adaptation

Answer 1

changes made in response to adverse or varying environmental changes

• attempt to prevent death
• modification of size, numbers or types

Question 2

normal adaption

Answer 2

physiologic- every day

Question 3

abnormal adaption

Answer 3

pathologic- causes disease process

Question 4

atrophy

Answer 4

decreased workload

decreased cell size

Question 5

hypertrophy

Answer 5

increased workload

increased cell size

Question 6

hyperplasia

Answer 6

increased number of cells

Question 7

metaplasia

Answer 7

pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells

Question 8

dysplasia

Answer 8

pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells

- size shape and appearance

Question 9

causes of cell injury

Answer 9

physical
chemical
radiation 
biological 
low oxygen 
nutritional imbalances

Question 10

cell death

Answer 10

apoptosis
ischemia
necrosis

Question 11

ischemia

Answer 11

low blood flow to tissue/organ

no oxygen/ nutrients = dead

Question 12

necrosis

Answer 12

change in cell to swell or burst

Question 13

neoplasm

Answer 13

tumor or new growth

resulted from uncontrolled cell growth

Question 14

new growth

Answer 14

• uncontrolled and unregulated
• may originate in one organ or spread from another site
• may be benign or malignant

Question 15

benign

Answer 15

• usually harmless
• almost always encapsulated
• prevents the release of cells, restricting the spread
• problems are related to compression

Question 16

malignant

Answer 16

• rapid, uncontrolled and disorganized growth
• metastasis
• starve normal cells

Question 17

3 phases of carcinogenesis

Answer 17

initiation
promotion
progression

Question 18

initiation

Answer 18

introduction of the agent

- exposure period- change in dna

Question 19

promotion phase

Answer 19

initiation of uncontrolled growth

- growth period- a growth of cells replicate unlimited amount of times

Question 20

progression

Answer 20

permanent malignant changed

- metastasis period- permanent changes and spreads

Question 21

in situ

Answer 21

neoplastic cells remain localized

“good treatment”

Question 22

metastasis

Answer 22

movement of cancer cells from the orginal cancer site to other areas of the body

Question 23

metastasis occurs by

Answer 23

• cancer cells break away–> travel via blood and lympth vessels —> lodge In a new place
• one organ to another during surgery from instruments
• entering a body cavity coming in contact with healthy organs

Question 24

what do metastatic tumors carry

Answer 24

same cell characteristics or primary tumor

Question 25

common metastasis sites

Answer 25

lungs, liver, bones, brain

Question 26

lab changes

Answer 26

anemia- low rbc leukopenia- low wbc thrombocytopenia- low platelet

Question 27

cachexia

Answer 27

generalized wasting

Question 28

patient symptoms

Answer 28

cachexia fatigue infection pain

Question 29

screening breast for early detection

Answer 29

mammography as age 40 breast self-exam BRCA1/BRACA2

Question 30

colorectal

Answer 30

fecal occult blood | colonoscopy at 50

Question 31

biopsy

Answer 31

removal of living cells for the purpose of examining under a microscope

Question 32

radiologic studies

Answer 32

CT - noninvasive - reveals size, shape, contour, and density of organ

Question 33

endoscopy

Answer 33

allows for direct visualization of internal body parts

Question 34

lab test

Answer 34

PSA: tumor marker, prostate cancer CA-125: ovarian cancer CEA: gastrointestinal, pancreas, liver cancer

Question 35

T

Answer 35

primary tumor

Question 36

N

Answer 36

regional nodes

Question 37

M

Answer 37

metastasis

Question 38

T1, N0, M0

Answer 38

tumor is small and localized | - no involvement of regional lymph nodes and no metastasis

Question 39

T1, N2, M1

Answer 39

small tumor with moderate regional involvement that has metastasized to one distant site or organ

Question 40

curative

Answer 40

100% effective, eliminating the disease

Question 41

palliative

Answer 41

no cure, better quality of life

Question 42

prophylactic

Answer 42

prevention

Question 43

prognosis

Answer 43

what you forsee

Question 44

remission

Answer 44

cancer under control