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patho > cellular function chapter 1 > Flashcards

cellular function chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cellular adaptation

A

changes made in response to adverse or varying environmental changes

  • attempt to prevent death
  • modification of size, numbers or types
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2
Q

normal adaption

A

physiologic- every day

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3
Q

abnormal adaption

A

pathologic- causes disease process

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4
Q

atrophy

A

decreased workload

decreased cell size

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5
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased workload

increased cell size

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6
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

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7
Q

metaplasia

A

pathologic replacement of normal cells with abnormal cells

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8
Q

dysplasia

A

pathologic mutation of normal cells into abnormal cells

- size shape and appearance

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9
Q

causes of cell injury

A 
physical
chemical
radiation 
biological 
low oxygen 
nutritional imbalances
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10
Q

cell death

A

apoptosis
ischemia
necrosis

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11
Q

ischemia

A

low blood flow to tissue/organ

no oxygen/ nutrients = dead

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12
Q

necrosis

A

change in cell to swell or burst

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13
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor or new growth

resulted from uncontrolled cell growth

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14
Q

new growth

A
  • uncontrolled and unregulated
  • may originate in one organ or spread from another site
  • may be benign or malignant
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15
Q

benign

A
  • usually harmless
  • almost always encapsulated
  • prevents the release of cells, restricting the spread
  • problems are related to compression
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16
Q

malignant

A
  • rapid, uncontrolled and disorganized growth
  • metastasis
  • starve normal cells
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17
Q

3 phases of carcinogenesis

A

initiation
promotion
progression

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18
Q

initiation

A

introduction of the agent

- exposure period- change in dna

19
Q

promotion phase

A

initiation of uncontrolled growth

- growth period- a growth of cells replicate unlimited amount of times

20
Q

progression

A

permanent malignant changed

- metastasis period- permanent changes and spreads

21
Q

in situ

A

neoplastic cells remain localized

“good treatment”

22
Q

metastasis

A

movement of cancer cells from the orginal cancer site to other areas of the body

23
Q

metastasis occurs by

A
  • cancer cells break away–> travel via blood and lympth vessels —> lodge In a new place
  • one organ to another during surgery from instruments
  • entering a body cavity coming in contact with healthy organs
24
Q

what do metastatic tumors carry

A

same cell characteristics or primary tumor

25
Q

common metastasis sites

A

lungs, liver, bones, brain

26
Q

lab changes

A

anemia- low rbc
leukopenia- low wbc
thrombocytopenia- low platelet

27
Q

cachexia

A

generalized wasting

28
Q

patient symptoms

A

cachexia
fatigue
infection
pain

29
Q

screening breast for early detection

A

mammography as age 40
breast self-exam
BRCA1/BRACA2

30
Q

colorectal

A

fecal occult blood

colonoscopy at 50

31
Q

biopsy

A

removal of living cells for the purpose of examining under a microscope

32
Q

radiologic studies

A

CT

  • noninvasive
  • reveals size, shape, contour, and density of organ
33
Q

endoscopy

A

allows for direct visualization of internal body parts

34
Q

lab test

A

PSA: tumor marker, prostate cancer
CA-125: ovarian cancer
CEA: gastrointestinal, pancreas, liver cancer

35
Q

T

A

primary tumor

36
Q

N

A

regional nodes

37
Q

M

A

metastasis

38
Q

T1, N0, M0

A

tumor is small and localized

- no involvement of regional lymph nodes and no metastasis

39
Q

T1, N2, M1

A

small tumor with moderate regional involvement that has metastasized to one distant site or organ

40
Q

curative

A

100% effective, eliminating the disease

41
Q

palliative

A

no cure, better quality of life

42
Q

prophylactic

A

prevention

43
Q

prognosis

A

what you forsee

44
Q

remission

A

cancer under control

patho (24 decks)

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