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Respiratory 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Eupnea

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

What happens during inspiration

A

Thoracic volume increases

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3
Q

Pump handle motion

A

Scalenes and upper external intercostals

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4
Q

Bucket handle motion

A

Lower external intercostals

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5
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration

A

No muscles (passive)

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6
Q

What happens during expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases
Lungs recoil, alveolar volume decreases, compresses gas molecules, pressure in alveoli increase
Air moves out into lower pressure atm

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7
Q

What is size of pressure gradients created by changes in alveolar volume in quiet breathing

A

Small

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8
Q

What happens as soon as muscles stop contracting

A

Pressure rises

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9
Q

Before inspiration what is the relationship between Patm and Palv

A

Equal
No pressure gradient, no air flowing

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10
Q

When is their no air movement

A

Quick between inspiration and expiration

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11
Q

As soon as muscles begin to contract what happens to pressure

A

It drops

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12
Q

What additional accessory or secondary muscles become activated during forced inspiration

A
  • sternocleidomastoids
  • neck and back muscles
  • upper respiratory tract muscles
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13
Q

What do the sternocleidomastoids do during forced inspiration

A

Lift the sternum outward, contribute to water pump handle effect

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14
Q

What do neck and back muscles do during forced inspiration

A

Elevate pectoral girdle increasing thoracic volume and extend back

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15
Q

What do upper respiratory tract muscles do during forced inspiration

A

Decrease airway resistance by dilating pharynx and larynx

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16
Q

Muscles of forced expiration

A

Abdominal muscles
Internal intercostals
Triangularis sterni
Neck and back muscles

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17
Q

What do abdominal muscles do during forced expiration

A

Pushes some visceral organs upward and pushes diaphragm up

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18
Q

What do internal intercostals do for forced expiration

A

Create opposite bucket handle

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19
Q

What does triangularis sterni do for forced expiration

A

Pulls sternum inward, negative pump handle

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20
Q

What do neck and back muscles do for forced expiration

A

Lean over- reduction in thoracic volume

21
Q

What is the lungs attached to

A

Pleural cavity- double walled sack that surrounds each lung

22
Q

What exists inside intrapleural fluid

A

Subatmospheric pressure exists in because lungs want to recoil inward

23
Q

What is parietal pleura attached to

A

Wall of thoracic cavity and diaphragm

24
Q

What is attached to visceral pleura

A

Outer wall of lung

25
What is intrapleural pressure that holds lungs in open state
-3 mmHg Below Patm
26
What happens to pleura during inspiration
Move parietal away from visceral created more negative pressure in intrapleural Creates more vacuum for lungs to be drawn outward towards neg pressure
27
What do inspiratory muscles do to parietal pleura layer
1. Pull parietal away from visceral layer 2. Increase volume of intrapleural cavity and decrease intrapleural pressure 3. Visceral layer drawn towards neg pressure 4. Pulls lungs outward
28
What is pressure at end of quiet expiration
-3 mmHg
29
What is intrapleural pressure during inspiration of quiet breathing
-4 to -6 mmHg
30
What happens with intrapleural pressure during inspiration
Intrapleural volume increases Causes from in intrapleural pressure to more negative Lungs drawn to more negative intrapleural pressure and thus expand
31
If cavity is larger what happens to pressure
Decreases
32
Complete steps of inspiration
1. Diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract 2. Thoracic cavity expands 3. Intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric 4. Lungs expand 5. Palv becomes subatmospheric 6. Air flows into alveoli
33
All steps of expiration
1. diaphragm and inspiratory muscles stop contracting 2. Chest wall recoils inward 3. Intrapleural pressure moves back to -3 4. Lungs record towards preinspiration size 5. Air in alveoli becomes compressed 6. Palv becomes greater than Patm 7. Air flows out of lungs
34
What is a pneumothorax
Collapse of lung due to interruption of normal intrapleural pressure Need neg pressure to hold lungs open
35
What happens when theirs an interruption in intrapleural pressure
Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)
36
What are 2 types of pneumothorax
Traumatic (parietal or visceral or both) Spontaneous (lung and visceral pleura ruptures)
37
What is the degree of lung expansion at any time proportional to
Change in pressure
38
Lung compliance
Stretchibility of lungs How much any given change in pressure expands
39
What is lung elastance
Elastic recoil Reciprocal of compliance Ability to resist being deformed
40
What causes ease of expansion and more difficult expansion
More compliant - easier Decreased compliance - harder
41
If high compliance what is elastance
Low
42
Easy to inspire, difficult to expire
Increased compliance Don’t have passive expiration No natural recoil
43
Difficult to fill with air
Decreased compliance
44
Pulmonary fibrosis
Formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in lungs (stiff lungs) High levels of elastance, high recoil, easy to exhale Effort to inspire
45
What causes pulmonary fibrosis
Inhalation of pollutants, infections, idiopathic
46
What is emphysema
Proteolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes attack alveolar tissue Alveoli merge; loss of capillaries and surface area
47
What happens to lungs from emphysema
- loss of lung recoil - airway resistance - inhale easy, force expire out - increased compliance loss of elastance Obstructive
48
In healthy lung what is not cause of compliance and lung recoil
Elasticity of pulmonary cells and Extracellular matrix

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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