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Repro 7 Flashcards

1
Q

From start of menstrual cycle how many days until implanted blastocyst

A

20 days

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2
Q

How many cells in blastocyst

A

~100

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3
Q

2 layers of blastocyst

A

Trophoblast
Inner cell mass

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4
Q

What does outer cell layer (trophoblast) surround

A

Inner cell mass

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5
Q

How many days after ovulation does blastocyst implant

A

~7 days

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6
Q

Upon contact with endometrium what do trophoblasts do

A

Proliferate and secrete proteolytic enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate wall

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7
Q

Outer layer (trophoblast) of blastocyst becomes

A

Extra embryonic membrane (chorion)
Enclosing embryo and forming placenta

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8
Q

Inner cell mass forms

A

Embryo and other extra embryonic membranes

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9
Q

Extraembryonic membranes formed by inner cell mass

A

Amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac

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10
Q

amnion

A

Secretes amniotic fluid

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11
Q

Allantois

A

Becomes part of the umbilical cord

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12
Q

How does chorion become placenta

A

Form chorionic villi that penetrate vascularized endometrium
Secrete enzymes to break down walls of maternal blood vessels

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13
Q

What is exchanged across membrane of villi of placenta

A

Nutrients, gases and wastes exchanges by diffusion

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14
Q

How big does placenta grow in diameter

A

~20cm

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15
Q

Hwo much of CO can placenta receive

A

10%

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16
Q

What does maternal blood bathe in intervillous space

A

Chorionic villi

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17
Q

Why does embryo secrete hormonal signals

A

To prevent corpus luteum from degenerating

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18
Q

What does chorionic villi of developing placenta secrete to stimulate corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

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19
Q

What is hCG similar to

A

LH
Binds to LH receptors of corpus luteum

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20
Q

What do corpus luteum do when still stimulated

A

Continue hormone secretion keeping endometrium intact

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21
Q

What does hCG stimulate in male fetuses

A

Testosterone production in developing testes

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22
Q

What is detected by pregnancy tests

A

HCG

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23
Q

After 7 weeks what occurs

A

Placenta takes over hormone production
Corpus luteum not maintained

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24
Q

What hormones does placenta secrete when corpus luteum degenerates and hCG not secreted

A

Estrogen and progesterone

25
What hormones does placenta secrete
Progesterone Estrogen Human placental lactogen (hPL)
26
Human placental lactogen AKA
Human chorionic somatomammotrophin
27
What do estrogen and progesterone from placenta both provide
Negative feedback to HPG axis prevents follicle development
28
What does estrogen from placenta do
Develop milk secreting ducts in breasts
29
What does progesterone from placenta do
Maintains endometrium, suppresses uterine contracts (natural smooth muscle relaxant)
30
What was hPL initially thought to do
Thought to be necessary for breast development during pregnancy and milk production
31
What does hPL do
Alter mothers glucose and fatty acid metabolism to support fetal growth (decreases insulin sensitivity, increased lipolysis) - increased circulating glucose so increased uptake to fetus
32
What does birthing process begin with
Labor Rhythmic contractions of uterus
33
What signal initiates contractions
Not completely understood
34
What are 2 theories for how contractions start
- oxytocin, but usually not increased until after labor - placenta releasing corticotropin releasing hormone
35
What happens days prior to onset of labor
Cervix softens and ligaments holding pelvic bones together loosens under enzymatic control (estrogen or relaxin)
36
At initiation of contractions what occurs
Fetus repositions lower in abdomen putting pressure on stretching cervix initiating positive feedback loop
37
What drives more forceful contractions
Prostaglandins, oxytocin, CRH, and cervical stretch
38
Parturition feedback loop
Fetus head pushes downward Cervix stretch cause uterus contractions adn oxytocin from posterior pituitary Prostaglandins also act on uterus
39
What secretes milk
Mammary glands
40
How many lobes in post pubescent female
15-20 lobes
41
Each lobe has
Lobules
42
Each lobule has
Alveoli or acini Epithelial cells that secrete milk
43
what stimulates the growth and branching of milk ducts and deposition of fat during puberty
Estrogen
44
Glands further develop at pregancy due to
Estrogen, growth hormone and cortisol
45
Final development is caused by
Progesterone converts epithelium into secretory structure
46
What inhibits milk production
Estrogen and progesterone Colostrum for initial ~3 days because high estrogen and progesterone for few days
47
Milk production controlled by
Prolactin secreted from anterior pituitary
48
Prolactin under control of
Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH, dopamine) Which begins to drop later in pregnancy
49
What causes milk ejection; let down reflex
Oxytocin by mechanical stimulation or auditory input
50
Let down reflex
Contraction of smooth muscle in the breast (myoepithelial) and uterus (return to pre pregnancy size)
51
Path from sucking to milk synthesis
Nipple mechanoreceptor stimulations Hypothalamus decreases dopamine (PIH)secretion Anterior pituitary increase prolactin secretion Increase plasma prolactin
52
Path from suckling to milk ejection
Nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation Posterior pituitary increases oxytocin secretion Increase plasma oxytocin Contraction of myoepithelial cells
53
Puberty in females
Budding breasts and first mentsrual Avg 12 (range 8-13)
54
Males puberty
Subtle, growth maturation of genitalia, pubic and facial hair, lowering of voice, change in body shape ad height 9-14
55
Why does puberty occur
Maturation of hypothalamic pituitary pathway GnRH secreting neurons increase their pulsatile secretion
56
What causes puberty
Genetically programmed (clock) Adipose in females (leptin)
57
Menopause
Cessation of female reproductive cycle - approx 40 years after first menstrual - ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins
58
What does absence of estrogen cause
Hot flashes, genitalia atrophy, osteoporosis
59
Andropause
Testosterone production decreases with age 50% of men over 50 have symptoms Decrease in Leydig cells

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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