Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bmsc 208 > Repro 7 > Flashcards

Repro 7 Flashcards

1
Q

From start of menstrual cycle how many days until implanted blastocyst

A

20 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many cells in blastocyst

A

~100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 layers of blastocyst

A

Trophoblast
Inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does outer cell layer (trophoblast) surround

A

Inner cell mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many days after ovulation does blastocyst implant

A

~7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Upon contact with endometrium what do trophoblasts do

A

Proliferate and secrete proteolytic enzymes allowing blastocyst to penetrate wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Outer layer (trophoblast) of blastocyst becomes

A

Extra embryonic membrane (chorion)
Enclosing embryo and forming placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inner cell mass forms

A

Embryo and other extra embryonic membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Extraembryonic membranes formed by inner cell mass

A

Amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

amnion

A

Secretes amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Allantois

A

Becomes part of the umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does chorion become placenta

A

Form chorionic villi that penetrate vascularized endometrium
Secrete enzymes to break down walls of maternal blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is exchanged across membrane of villi of placenta

A

Nutrients, gases and wastes exchanges by diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How big does placenta grow in diameter

A

~20cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hwo much of CO can placenta receive

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does maternal blood bathe in intervillous space

A

Chorionic villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does embryo secrete hormonal signals

A

To prevent corpus luteum from degenerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does chorionic villi of developing placenta secrete to stimulate corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hCG similar to

A

LH
Binds to LH receptors of corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do corpus luteum do when still stimulated

A

Continue hormone secretion keeping endometrium intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does hCG stimulate in male fetuses

A

Testosterone production in developing testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is detected by pregnancy tests

A

HCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

After 7 weeks what occurs

A

Placenta takes over hormone production
Corpus luteum not maintained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormones does placenta secrete when corpus luteum degenerates and hCG not secreted

A

Estrogen and progesterone

25
Q

What hormones does placenta secrete

A

Progesterone
Estrogen
Human placental lactogen (hPL)

26
Q

Human placental lactogen AKA

A

Human chorionic somatomammotrophin

27
Q

What do estrogen and progesterone from placenta both provide

A

Negative feedback to HPG axis prevents follicle development

28
Q

What does estrogen from placenta do

A

Develop milk secreting ducts in breasts

29
Q

What does progesterone from placenta do

A

Maintains endometrium, suppresses uterine contracts (natural smooth muscle relaxant)

30
Q

What was hPL initially thought to do

A

Thought to be necessary for breast development during pregnancy and milk production

31
Q

What does hPL do

A

Alter mothers glucose and fatty acid metabolism to support fetal growth (decreases insulin sensitivity, increased lipolysis)
- increased circulating glucose so increased uptake to fetus

32
Q

What does birthing process begin with

A

Labor
Rhythmic contractions of uterus

33
Q

What signal initiates contractions

A

Not completely understood

34
Q

What are 2 theories for how contractions start

A
  • oxytocin, but usually not increased until after labor
  • placenta releasing corticotropin releasing hormone
35
Q

What happens days prior to onset of labor

A

Cervix softens and ligaments holding pelvic bones together loosens under enzymatic control (estrogen or relaxin)

36
Q

At initiation of contractions what occurs

A

Fetus repositions lower in abdomen putting pressure on stretching cervix initiating positive feedback loop

37
Q

What drives more forceful contractions

A

Prostaglandins, oxytocin, CRH, and cervical stretch

38
Q

Parturition feedback loop

A

Fetus head pushes downward
Cervix stretch cause uterus contractions adn oxytocin from posterior pituitary
Prostaglandins also act on uterus

39
Q

What secretes milk

A

Mammary glands

40
Q

How many lobes in post pubescent female

A

15-20 lobes

41
Q

Each lobe has

A

Lobules

42
Q

Each lobule has

A

Alveoli or acini
Epithelial cells that secrete milk

43
Q

what stimulates the growth and branching of milk ducts and deposition of fat during puberty

A

Estrogen

44
Q

Glands further develop at pregancy due to

A

Estrogen, growth hormone and cortisol

45
Q

Final development is caused by

A

Progesterone converts epithelium into secretory structure

46
Q

What inhibits milk production

A

Estrogen and progesterone
Colostrum for initial ~3 days because high estrogen and progesterone for few days

47
Q

Milk production controlled by

A

Prolactin secreted from anterior pituitary

48
Q

Prolactin under control of

A

Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH, dopamine)
Which begins to drop later in pregnancy

49
Q

What causes milk ejection; let down reflex

A

Oxytocin by mechanical stimulation or auditory input

50
Q

Let down reflex

A

Contraction of smooth muscle in the breast (myoepithelial) and uterus (return to pre pregnancy size)

51
Q

Path from sucking to milk synthesis

A

Nipple mechanoreceptor stimulations
Hypothalamus decreases dopamine (PIH)secretion
Anterior pituitary increase prolactin secretion
Increase plasma prolactin

52
Q

Path from suckling to milk ejection

A

Nipple mechanoreceptor stimulation
Posterior pituitary increases oxytocin secretion
Increase plasma oxytocin
Contraction of myoepithelial cells

53
Q

Puberty in females

A

Budding breasts and first mentsrual
Avg 12 (range 8-13)

54
Q

Males puberty

A

Subtle, growth maturation of genitalia, pubic and facial hair, lowering of voice, change in body shape ad height
9-14

55
Q

Why does puberty occur

A

Maturation of hypothalamic pituitary pathway
GnRH secreting neurons increase their pulsatile secretion

56
Q

What causes puberty

A

Genetically programmed (clock)
Adipose in females (leptin)

57
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of female reproductive cycle
- approx 40 years after first menstrual
- ovaries no longer respond to gonadotropins

58
Q

What does absence of estrogen cause

A

Hot flashes, genitalia atrophy, osteoporosis

59
Q

Andropause

A

Testosterone production decreases with age
50% of men over 50 have symptoms
Decrease in Leydig cells

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions