GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

hormone families

A

gastrin family
secretin family
“other”

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2
Q

gastrin family

A

gastrin, cholecystokinin

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3
Q

secretin family

A

secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon like peptide

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4
Q

other hormone

A

motilin

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5
Q

what are the 3 phases that describe integrated function of digestive system

A
  1. cephalic/oral phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
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6
Q

cephalic/oral phase

A

digestive processes occurring before food enters the stomach
- long reflexes beginning in brain

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7
Q

gastric phase

A

digestive processes in the stomach

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8
Q

intestinal phase

A

digestive processes in the intestines (split in small and large)

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9
Q

what causes long reflexes beginning in brain known as cephalic phase

A

sight, thought, smell of food will start long reflexes that start motility and secretions in stomach and mouth

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10
Q

what is cephalic phase driven by

A

increased parasympathetic output from medulla to salivary glands and to ENS (via vagus nerve)

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11
Q

where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin

A

mouth

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12
Q

what does mechanical digestion begin with

A

mastification (chewing) of food by teeth
tongue and lips also manipulate food and saliva joins

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13
Q

what type of secretion is saliva

A

exocrine from epithelial cells

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14
Q

how much saliva is secreted per day

A

1.5 L/day: 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes

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15
Q

what is saliva made up of

A

Na, Cl, K, HCO3, P04
amylase, lysozyme, mucus, immunoglobulin A

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16
Q

where are secretory cells found

A

clusters known as acini

17
Q

what cells exist in the glands

A

mucous and serous cells

18
Q

what does parotid glands secrete

A

watery solution with amylase (serous cells)

19
Q

what do submandilbular glands secrete

A

similar to parotid plus some mucus (serous with some mucous)

20
Q

what do sublingual glands secrete

A

mainly mucus (mucous)

21
Q

what are glands controlled by

A

parasympathetic control

22
Q

what is deglutition (swallowing)

A

reflex that pushes a bolus of food or liquid into esophagus

23
Q

how is deglutition activated

A

pressure agaisnt soft palate and back of mouth (voluntary) activate sensory neurons going to medulla

24
Q

what is the swallowing center

25
what does the medulla output after deglutition activated
somatic motor outputs to pharynx and upper esophagus and autonomic outputs to lower esophagus
26
what does soft palate do when bolus of food is moving through
closes off nasopharynx
27
what happens in pharynx as bolus moves down
peristaltic contractions
28
what does contraction do to larynx
moves up and forward
29
what does epiglottis do
closes trachea (covers airway) and upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and opens
30
last step of swallowing
lower esophageal sphincter tension relaxes
31
what causes gastroesophageal reflex disease (heartburn)
- churning action of stomach contraction can cause backflow - negative intrapleural pressure during inspiration can esophagus to expand drawing gastric acid and pepsin
32
why does heartburn happen
lower esophageal sphincter is not true sphincter - not thickened, high continuous contraction