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Bmsc 208 > GI 5 > Flashcards

GI 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of pancreatic secretions

A

Endocrine
Digestive enzymes
Bicarbonate

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2
Q

Where do pancreatic and liver secretions enter

A

At beginning of small intestine through sphincter of oddi

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3
Q

What is 2 epithelium that pancreas contains

A
  1. Endocrine secretory epithelium (islets)
  2. Exocrine secretory epithelium
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4
Q

What do endocrine secretory epithelium secrete

A

Insulin and glucagon

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5
Q

What do exocrine secretly epithelium secrete

A

Digestive enzymes and NaHCO3

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6
Q

What is the stimuli for exocrine secretory epithelium

A

Distension of small intestine, neural signals, CCK

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7
Q

What is exocrine portion of pancreas form

A

Grape like clusters: acini

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8
Q

What do acinar cells secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What do duct cells secrete

A

NaHCO3 that enters digestive tract

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10
Q

what are many pancreatic digestive enzymes released as

A

Zymogens (inactive form of enzyme)
- some secreted in active form

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11
Q

What is trypsinogen converted to and by

A

Trypsin by enteropeptidase (brush border enzyme)

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12
Q

Once trypsin converted what does it do

A

Activates all other zymogens

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13
Q

What does bicarbonate produced in duct cells do

A

Neutralizes acid entering from stomach
- this why pancreas start at beginning of sm. Int.

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14
Q

What do duct cells have high levels of

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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15
Q

What transporters does apical membrane of pancreas have

A

HCO3-/Cl- exchanger and CFTR channel

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16
Q

What transporters does basolateral membrane of pancreas have

A

NKCC2, N/K ATPase, K+, Na/H exchanger

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17
Q

Bicarbonate secretion process

A
  1. Cl enters cells and leaves apical side through CFTR
  2. Cl then renter cell in exchange for HCO3
  3. Leaky junction allow movement of ions and water
  4. Negative ions in lumen attract Na, water follows
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18
Q

What is largest internal organ

A

Liver

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19
Q

Where is liver

A

Lies under diaphragm toward right side of body

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20
Q

6 roles of liver

A
  • glucose and fat metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • hormone synthesis
  • urea production
  • detoxification
  • storage
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21
Q

Inputs into liver

A

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

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22
Q

Outputs of liver

A

Bile duct and hepatic vein

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23
Q

Where does bile duct secrete into

A

Duodenum

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24
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Takes bile to gallbladder for storage

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25
Gallbladder
Storage reservoir for liver secretions related to digestion (bile)
26
Common bile duct
Takes bile from gallbladder to lumen of sm int
27
Hepatic artery
Brings oxygenated blood containing metabolites from peripheral tissues to liver
28
Hepatic portal vein
Blood rich in absorbed nutrients from digestive tract brought to liver
29
sphincter of oddi
Controls release of bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum
30
What dos liver secrete
Bile
31
Bile
Non-enzymatic solution secreted from hepatocytes
32
3 main components of bile
- bile salts (bile acid/amino acid) - bile pigments (bilirubin) - cholesterol
33
What is excreted in bile
Xenobiotics and drugs
34
How are hepatocytes organized
Into hexagons
35
Fats and related molecules
Triglycerides (90%), cholesterol, phospholipids, long chain fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins
36
Why is fat digestion complicated
Fats are not water soluble
37
How does bile assist with fat digestion
Coarse emulsion of large fat droplets in chyme broken to smaller, stable particles by bile salts to let enzymes digest
38
How are emulsions made
Bile salts coat lipid droplet
39
What enzymes from pancreas digest triglycerides
Lipase and colipase
40
What is triglyceride broken down into
2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride
41
What are micelles
Small disks with bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, mono- and diglycerides - proceed to wall for absorption
42
What is absorbed from micelles when comes in contact with brush border
- monoglycerides and fatty acids move out enter cells by diffusion - cholesterol is transported in
43
Once part of Micelles absorbed what happens within cell of small intestine
- absorbed fats reformed in ER and combine with chol and proteins - form chylomicrons
44
What happens to chylomicron
Removed by lymphatic system (lacteal)
45
How much bile salts are excrete
5%
46
What secretes and stores bile
Hepatocytes in gallbladder
47
What happens to bile during a meal
Recycled multiple times
48
Where is bile taken back up
At ileum taken up by capillary bed and brought back to liver by hepatic portal vein
49
What are gallstones
Hardened deposits within gallbladder likely due to excess chol or bilirubin - block sphincter or hepatic duct
50
What does gallstones cause
Upper right abdominal pain, jaundice Gallbladder removal
51
Carbs ingested
Starch and sucrose - glucose polymers, disaccharides, monosaccharides
52
Glucose polymers
Glycogen, cellulose
53
Disaccharides
Lactose, maltose
54
Monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose
55
What does salivary and pancreatic amylase break down
Glucose polymers to disaccharides (maltose)
56
What are disaccharides then broken down by
Intestinal brush border enzymes, disaccharidases
57
Glucose or galactose absorption
Enters with Na on SGLT on apical Exits on GLUT2 on basolateral
58
Fructose absorption
Enters on GLUT5 on apical Exits on GLUT2 on basolateral
59
Normally glucose phosphorylated when entering cell what do enterocytes do differently
Use glutamine so glucose-6-phosphate is not formed and free glucose stays high facilitating basolateral transport (absorption)
60
How much digested proteins are not from ingested foods
30-60% - dead cells, enzymes and mucus
61
2 categories of enzymes for protein digestion
Endopeptidase (proteases) Exopeptidase
62
Endopeptidases include
Pepsin in stomach, trypsin and chymotrypsin in small int
63
What do endopeptidases do
Attack peptide bonds in amino acid chain forming fragments
64
How is endopeptidase released
Zymogens
65
What do exopeptidases do
Release amino acids from peptides one at a time
66
What is name of certain exopeptidase based on
Side they full from
67
Where are aminopeptidases
Sit on amino terminal end Brush border enzyme
68
To kinds of exopeptidases
Aminopeptidase Carboxypeptidase
69
Where are carboxypeptidases
Carbohydrate-terminal end
70
3 types of pancreatic caarboxypeptidases
A1, A2, and B
71
What does protein digestion primarily result in
Free AAs, dipeptides and tripeptides
72
What protein is absorbed after digestion
Mostly as free amino acids, some di and tripeptides - if larger then tri absorbed by transcytosis
73
What are single AAs transported with on apical and basolateral
Apical: Na cotrasnporters Basolateral: Na exchangers
74
What are di- and tripeptides transported on apical membrane
Oligopeptide transporter (H+ cotransporter)
75
What happens to di and tripeptides once in cell
Digested to single AAs in cell (peptidases) and exit via Na-AA exchanger
76
How are peptides larger than 3 AAs transported
Via transcytosis after binding to receptor on luminal surface
77
Transcytosis
Combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport then exocytosis
78
Why are most small peptides carried intact across cell by transcytosis
Could potentially act as antigens stimulating antibody production causing allergic reaction
79
What could play role in intolerances or allergies in infants
Peptide absorption high (villi are small) Feeding too much solid
80
Fat soluble vitamins that are absorbed with fats
A, D, E, K
81
Water soluble vitamins absorbed by mediated transport
C and most B
82
How is B12 absorbed
In ileum after forming complex with intrinsic factor released from parietal cells - on own will not absorb
83
How is mineral absorbed
Active transport
84
What minerals have regulated absorption
Iron (hormone: hepcidin, when high cause transporter to internalize) Calcium (regulated by vit D3)

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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