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Bmsc 208 > GI 5 > Flashcards

GI 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 categories of pancreatic secretions

A

Endocrine
Digestive enzymes
Bicarbonate

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2
Q

Where do pancreatic and liver secretions enter

A

At beginning of small intestine through sphincter of oddi

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3
Q

What is 2 epithelium that pancreas contains

A
  1. Endocrine secretory epithelium (islets)
  2. Exocrine secretory epithelium
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4
Q

What do endocrine secretory epithelium secrete

A

Insulin and glucagon

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5
Q

What do exocrine secretly epithelium secrete

A

Digestive enzymes and NaHCO3

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6
Q

What is the stimuli for exocrine secretory epithelium

A

Distension of small intestine, neural signals, CCK

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7
Q

What is exocrine portion of pancreas form

A

Grape like clusters: acini

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8
Q

What do acinar cells secrete

A

Digestive enzymes

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9
Q

What do duct cells secrete

A

NaHCO3 that enters digestive tract

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10
Q

what are many pancreatic digestive enzymes released as

A

Zymogens (inactive form of enzyme)
- some secreted in active form

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11
Q

What is trypsinogen converted to and by

A

Trypsin by enteropeptidase (brush border enzyme)

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12
Q

Once trypsin converted what does it do

A

Activates all other zymogens

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13
Q

What does bicarbonate produced in duct cells do

A

Neutralizes acid entering from stomach
- this why pancreas start at beginning of sm. Int.

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14
Q

What do duct cells have high levels of

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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15
Q

What transporters does apical membrane of pancreas have

A

HCO3-/Cl- exchanger and CFTR channel

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16
Q

What transporters does basolateral membrane of pancreas have

A

NKCC2, N/K ATPase, K+, Na/H exchanger

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17
Q

Bicarbonate secretion process

A
  1. Cl enters cells and leaves apical side through CFTR
  2. Cl then renter cell in exchange for HCO3
  3. Leaky junction allow movement of ions and water
  4. Negative ions in lumen attract Na, water follows
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18
Q

What is largest internal organ

A

Liver

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19
Q

Where is liver

A

Lies under diaphragm toward right side of body

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20
Q

6 roles of liver

A
  • glucose and fat metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • hormone synthesis
  • urea production
  • detoxification
  • storage
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21
Q

Inputs into liver

A

Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

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22
Q

Outputs of liver

A

Bile duct and hepatic vein

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23
Q

Where does bile duct secrete into

A

Duodenum

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24
Q

Common hepatic duct

A

Takes bile to gallbladder for storage

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25
Q

Gallbladder

A

Storage reservoir for liver secretions related to digestion (bile)

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26
Q

Common bile duct

A

Takes bile from gallbladder to lumen of sm int

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27
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood containing metabolites from peripheral tissues to liver

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28
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Blood rich in absorbed nutrients from digestive tract brought to liver

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29
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

Controls release of bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum

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30
Q

What dos liver secrete

A

Bile

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31
Q

Bile

A

Non-enzymatic solution secreted from hepatocytes

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32
Q

3 main components of bile

A
  • bile salts (bile acid/amino acid)
  • bile pigments (bilirubin)
  • cholesterol
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33
Q

What is excreted in bile

A

Xenobiotics and drugs

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34
Q

How are hepatocytes organized

A

Into hexagons

35
Q

Fats and related molecules

A

Triglycerides (90%), cholesterol, phospholipids, long chain fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins

36
Q

Why is fat digestion complicated

A

Fats are not water soluble

37
Q

How does bile assist with fat digestion

A

Coarse emulsion of large fat droplets in chyme broken to smaller, stable particles by bile salts to let enzymes digest

38
Q

How are emulsions made

A

Bile salts coat lipid droplet

39
Q

What enzymes from pancreas digest triglycerides

A

Lipase and colipase

40
Q

What is triglyceride broken down into

A

2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

41
Q

What are micelles

A

Small disks with bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, mono- and diglycerides
- proceed to wall for absorption

42
Q

What is absorbed from micelles when comes in contact with brush border

A
  • monoglycerides and fatty acids move out enter cells by diffusion
  • cholesterol is transported in
43
Q

Once part of Micelles absorbed what happens within cell of small intestine

A
  • absorbed fats reformed in ER and combine with chol and proteins
  • form chylomicrons
44
Q

What happens to chylomicron

A

Removed by lymphatic system (lacteal)

45
Q

How much bile salts are excrete

A

5%

46
Q

What secretes and stores bile

A

Hepatocytes in gallbladder

47
Q

What happens to bile during a meal

A

Recycled multiple times

48
Q

Where is bile taken back up

A

At ileum taken up by capillary bed and brought back to liver by hepatic portal vein

49
Q

What are gallstones

A

Hardened deposits within gallbladder likely due to excess chol or bilirubin
- block sphincter or hepatic duct

50
Q

What does gallstones cause

A

Upper right abdominal pain, jaundice
Gallbladder removal

51
Q

Carbs ingested

A

Starch and sucrose
- glucose polymers, disaccharides, monosaccharides

52
Q

Glucose polymers

A

Glycogen, cellulose

53
Q

Disaccharides

A

Lactose, maltose

54
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

55
Q

What does salivary and pancreatic amylase break down

A

Glucose polymers to disaccharides (maltose)

56
Q

What are disaccharides then broken down by

A

Intestinal brush border enzymes, disaccharidases

57
Q

Glucose or galactose absorption

A

Enters with Na on SGLT on apical
Exits on GLUT2 on basolateral

58
Q

Fructose absorption

A

Enters on GLUT5 on apical
Exits on GLUT2 on basolateral

59
Q

Normally glucose phosphorylated when entering cell what do enterocytes do differently

A

Use glutamine so glucose-6-phosphate is not formed and free glucose stays high facilitating basolateral transport (absorption)

60
Q

How much digested proteins are not from ingested foods

A

30-60%
- dead cells, enzymes and mucus

61
Q

2 categories of enzymes for protein digestion

A

Endopeptidase (proteases)
Exopeptidase

62
Q

Endopeptidases include

A

Pepsin in stomach, trypsin and chymotrypsin in small int

63
Q

What do endopeptidases do

A

Attack peptide bonds in amino acid chain forming fragments

64
Q

How is endopeptidase released

A

Zymogens

65
Q

What do exopeptidases do

A

Release amino acids from peptides one at a time

66
Q

What is name of certain exopeptidase based on

A

Side they full from

67
Q

Where are aminopeptidases

A

Sit on amino terminal end
Brush border enzyme

68
Q

To kinds of exopeptidases

A

Aminopeptidase
Carboxypeptidase

69
Q

Where are carboxypeptidases

A

Carbohydrate-terminal end

70
Q

3 types of pancreatic caarboxypeptidases

A

A1, A2, and B

71
Q

What does protein digestion primarily result in

A

Free AAs, dipeptides and tripeptides

72
Q

What protein is absorbed after digestion

A

Mostly as free amino acids, some di and tripeptides
- if larger then tri absorbed by transcytosis

73
Q

What are single AAs transported with on apical and basolateral

A

Apical: Na cotrasnporters
Basolateral: Na exchangers

74
Q

What are di- and tripeptides transported on apical membrane

A

Oligopeptide transporter (H+ cotransporter)

75
Q

What happens to di and tripeptides once in cell

A

Digested to single AAs in cell (peptidases) and exit via Na-AA exchanger

76
Q

How are peptides larger than 3 AAs transported

A

Via transcytosis after binding to receptor on luminal surface

77
Q

Transcytosis

A

Combination of endocytosis, vesicular transport then exocytosis

78
Q

Why are most small peptides carried intact across cell by transcytosis

A

Could potentially act as antigens stimulating antibody production causing allergic reaction

79
Q

What could play role in intolerances or allergies in infants

A

Peptide absorption high (villi are small)
Feeding too much solid

80
Q

Fat soluble vitamins that are absorbed with fats

A

A, D, E, K

81
Q

Water soluble vitamins absorbed by mediated transport

A

C and most B

82
Q

How is B12 absorbed

A

In ileum after forming complex with intrinsic factor released from parietal cells
- on own will not absorb

83
Q

How is mineral absorbed

A

Active transport

84
Q

What minerals have regulated absorption

A

Iron (hormone: hepcidin, when high cause transporter to internalize)
Calcium (regulated by vit D3)

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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