Repro 1

Question 1

Role of reproduction

Answer 1

Making new humans

Question 2

Why are we advanced when it comes to reproduction

Answer 2

1. Mate for pleasure and procreation
2. Does not only occur during “fertile” periods

Question 3

Sexually dimorphic

Answer 3

Males and females have distinct physical characteristics

Question 4

Male and female sex organs consist of 3 sets of structure

Answer 4

Gonad, internal genitalia, external genitalia

Question 5

Gonads

Answer 5

Gamete producing organs

Question 6

Internal genitalia

Answer 6

Accessory glands and ducts

Question 7

External genitalia

Answer 7

External reproductive structures

Question 8

Where is sex determined

Answer 8

Programmed in genome

Question 9

Each nucleated cell of body except gametes contains

Answer 9

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total: diploid)
22 pairs autosomes: direct development of human body
1 pair sex chromosomes: direct development of internal and external sex organs

Question 10

What do gametes contain

Answer 10

23 single chromosomes (haploid)

Question 11

Each egg produced by a female has

Answer 11

An X chromosome

Question 12

Sperm produced by male has either

Answer 12

And X chromosome or a Y

Question 13

In females during early embryonic development what happens to one X chromosome

Answer 13

Turns off in each cell
- whether paternal or maternal X is shut off differs in each cel

Question 14

What x-linked genetic disorders more commonly affect males

Answer 14

Muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia
(Expressed because they only have one X)

Question 15

If there’s a Y chromosome

Answer 15

Genetically male

Question 16

What are 2 ways there can be abnormal sex chromosome distribution

Answer 16

Non disjunction at meiosis 1
- both go into 1 secondary gamete
- one pair of disomic gametes and one pair of nullisomic
Non disjunction at meiosis 2
- one disomic(2 chromatids one gamete) and one nullisomic gamete in a pair
- one pair normal monosomic gametes

Question 17

XXY

Answer 17

Klinefelters

Question 18

X

Answer 18

Turner syndrome

Question 19

Y

Answer 19

Non viable

Question 20

Stages of egg

Answer 20

Egg-zygote-2 cell stage- 4 cell stage - morula- blastocyst

Question 21

Embryonic period extends through

Answer 21

The 8th week

Question 22

What is the time of a standard pregnancy

Answer 22

38 weeks development
40 weeks because standard pregnancy is measured from first day of last mentrual cycle

Question 23

When is fetus

Answer 23

9 weeks

Question 24

Wet do reproductive structures begin to differentiate

Answer 24

Seventh week of development

Question 25

Prior to time of reproductive differentiation considered

Answer 25

Bipotential Has capacity to become male or female

Question 26

When bipotential, gonads are

Answer 26

Outer cortex and innner medulla

Question 27

What are the 2 accessory ducts when bipotential

Answer 27

Wolffian and Müllerian duct

Question 28

In female gonad cortex

Answer 28

Forms ovary

Question 29

If female gonad medulla

Answer 29

Regresses

Question 30

If female wolffian duct

Answer 30

Regressses (testosterone absent)

Question 31

If female Müllerian duct

Answer 31

Becomes fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/2 vagina (AMH absent)

Question 32

If male gonad cortex

Answer 32

Regresses

Question 33

if male Gand medulla

Answer 33

Forms testis

Question 34

If male wolffian duct

Answer 34

Forms epidiidymis, vas deferents, and seminal vesicle (testosterone present)

Question 35

If male Müllerian duct

Answer 35

Regresses (AMH present- testis produces)

Question 36

Male or female development depends on the presence or absence of

Answer 36

Sex determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY gene)

Question 37

SRY gene

Answer 37

Guides development of internal genitalia into male and inhibit female internal

Question 38

What does SRY produce

Answer 38

Testis determining factor (TDF) - SOX9, WT1, SF1

Question 39

What does TDF do

Answer 39

Guide development of gonadal medulla into testis

Question 40

What hormones does the testes then produce

Answer 40

Anti-mullerian hormone Testosterone Di hydro testosterone

Question 41

Anti mullerian hormone

Answer 41

Sertoli cells Causes Müllerian ducts to regress

Question 42

Testosterone

Answer 42

Leydig cells Converts wolffian ducts into male acccesory structures

Question 43

Dihydrotestosterone

Answer 43

Leydig cells Differentiation of external genitalia

Question 44

Interstitial cells or Leydig cells secrete

Answer 44

Testosterone

Question 45

Sertoli cells secrete

Answer 45

Anti-mullerian hormone

Question 46

At 10 weeks of female growth

Answer 46

Gonadal cortex becomes ovary in absence of SRY protein and influence of female genes Absence of testosterone causes wolffian duct to degenerate

Question 47

At birth what happens to females

Answer 47

Absence of AMH allows Müllerian duct to become fallopian tube, uterus, and upper part of vagina

Question 48

At 10 weeks of male growth

Answer 48

SRY protein directs medulla of bipotential gonad to develop into testis AMH from testis causes Müllerian ducts to disppear

Question 49

At birth for males

Answer 49

Testosterone from testis converts wolffian duct into seminal vesicle, vas deferents, epidydimis DHT controls prostate development