Respiratory 2

Question 1

What are fluids

Answer 1

Substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress (gas,liquid)

Question 2

What is normal sea level atmospheric pressure but what do respiratory physiologist set atmospheric pressure to

Answer 2

760 mmHg
Set to 0 cm H2O or mmHg

Question 3

What is atmospheric air

Answer 3

Mixture of gases

Question 4

Dalton’s law

Answer 4

Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted by each gas
- Determines atmospheric pressure

Question 5

What Dalton’s law dependent on

Answer 5

Humidity of air

Question 6

Pressure exerted by one gas is known as

Answer 6

Partial pressure
PO2 PCO2

Question 7

Partial pressure of gas=

Answer 7

Patm x % of gas in atmosphere

Question 8

Partial pressure of gas in humid air=

Answer 8

(Patm - PH2O) x % of gas

Question 9

What is bulk flow

Answer 9

Composition of gases moving

Question 10

How does gas move in respiratory system

Answer 10

Down pressure gradients
From region of high pressure to low

Question 11

What is flow directly inverse to

Answer 11

Resistance

Question 12

What is flow directly proportional to

Answer 12

The pressure difference between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure

Question 13

What are relevant pressure related to flow

Answer 13

Alveolar pressure: Palv (at end)
Atmospheric pressure: Patm (set to 0, at start right outside mouth)

Question 14

During inspiration what decreases

Answer 14

Alveolar pressure to create gradient to move air in

Question 15

During expiration what increases

Answer 15

Alveolar pressure increases to create gradient to move air out

Question 16

Palv>Patm

Answer 16

Expiration

Question 17

Palv<Patm

Answer 17

Inspiration

Question 18

What does boyle’s law describe

Answer 18

Pressure-volume relationships
Change in lung volume results in a change in lung pressure driving bulk flow of air

Question 19

What is boyle’s law equation

Answer 19

(P1V1=P2V2)

Question 20

What happens to the pressure when the volume decreases to 0.5L?

Answer 20

P1V1=P2V2
100 mmHg x 1L = P2 x 0.5 L
200 mmHg =P2
Increased by 2

Question 21

What happens during inspiration

Answer 21

Make volume of our alveoli larger resulting in drop in pressure below atm pressure resulting in air flow from atmosphere to alveoli

Question 22

What is ventilation

Answer 22

Bulk flow exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

Question 23

What is a single respiratory cycle (one complete ventilation)?

Answer 23

Single inspiration followed by an expiration

Question 24

What does spirometer measure

Answer 24

Lung volumes change

Question 25

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 25

Amount of air that enters or exits the lungs during quiet respiration (resting)

Question 26

Tidal volume and frequency of breaths is

Answer 26

Total ventilation during rest

Question 27

Total pulmonary ventilation

Answer 27

TV x frequency of breaths Amount of air moving in than out

Question 28

Inspiration reserve volume

Answer 28

Additional air that could still be inspired after quiet inspiration

Question 29

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 29

After end of quiet expiration, the volume of air that still remains within the lungs that can be expired

Question 30

Residual volume

Answer 30

Air remaining in lungs even after maximal expiratory effort (cannot be measured with spirometer)

Question 31

What are the four primary volumes that do not overlap and are the total lung capacity

Answer 31

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume

Question 32

What are the two important functions of the air left

Answer 32

1. Prevents airway collapse (small airways), after a collapse it takes large pressure to re-inflate 2. It allows continuous exchange of gases

Question 33

Total lung capacity

Answer 33

Sum of all 4 volumes

Question 34

Functional residual capacity

Answer 34

Capacity of air remaining in the lungs after quiet expirations, the sum of ERV and RV

Question 35

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 35

Sum of IRV and TV representing the max amount of air that one can inspire after quiet expiration

Question 36

Vital capacity

Answer 36

Sum of IRV, TV, and ERV representing the max achievable air moved with a single breath (everything but residual volume)

Question 37

What is a pulmonary function test

Answer 37

Testing individuals forced vital capacity (FVC) and comparing to Force expired volume in one second (FEV1)

Question 38

What is low initial FVC indicative of

Answer 38

Restrictive pulmonary disease (decrease in lung compliance) -COPD

Question 39

What is FEV1 normally

Answer 39

~80% of vital capacity

Question 40

What is below 80% of FEV1 indicative of

Answer 40

Obstructive pulmonary disease (increased resistance) - asthma

Question 41

How do we change alveolar pressure

Answer 41

Inspiratory muscle (skeletal) to increase the volume of alveoli, resulting in decrease in pressure

Question 42

What is 60-75% of inspiratory volume change due to

Answer 42

Diaphragm (base of thoracic cavity) Contracts and flattens

Question 43

When is diaphragm relaxed

Answer 43

At end of expiration

Question 44

What is the last 25-40% of inspiratory volume due to

Answer 44

Movements of rib cage

Question 45

What muscles cause pump handle movement of sternum

Answer 45

External intercostals of upper ribs and scalenes - move sternum outward

Question 46

What muscles cause bucket handle motion of ribs

Answer 46

External intercostals in lower ribs - lift ribs outward