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Bmsc 208 > GI 6 > Flashcards

GI 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is most water absorbed

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

How is water absorbed in colon.

A

Na, Cl go into interstitial space and contribute to osmotic gradient which pulls water

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3
Q

What ions contribute to water absorption in small int

A

Na, Cl, AA’s, glucose, lipids

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4
Q

What is intestinal phase regulated by in small int

A

Distension, acidity, digestive products through short and long reflexes and endocrine signalling

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5
Q

What does regulation of intestinal phase in small int cause

A

Reduces motility and secretions in sotmach, increases in int
Increases secretions and motility in presence of chyme

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6
Q

What can cause variations in what is excreted in GI

A

2 different meals

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7
Q

What do long neural reflexes from duodenum cause

A

Increase sympathetic effferents and decrease parasympathetic to stomach causing decrease gastric emptying

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8
Q

Short reflexes from duodenum cause

A

Decrease gastric emptying in stomach

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9
Q

Distension, acidity and digestive products in duodenum also cuase

A

Increase secretions of enterogastrones (hormone)

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10
Q

Intestinal motility influenced primarily by

A

ENS neurons (myenteric plexus)

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11
Q

During fed state in sm int what type of contractions occur

A

Mostly segmental
Peristaltic

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12
Q

What are contractions stimulated by

A

Increased parasympathetic input (long reflexes)

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13
Q

During fasting state in sm int what type of contraction occurs

A

Migrating motor complex

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14
Q

What is migrating motor complex in sm int drive by

A

Alterations in parasympathetic input coupled with motilin from MO cells
Possibly by alkaline pH

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15
Q

Accessory secretions are caused by

A

Long reflexes

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16
Q

What secretes hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells in crypts

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17
Q

Cells that secrete GI peptides (hormones) in sm int

A

S cells, I cells, K cells, L cells

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18
Q

S cell

A

Secretin

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19
Q

I cells

A

Cholecystokinin

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20
Q

K cells

A

Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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21
Q

L cellls

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

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22
Q

What to villi do

A

Absorb substances and produce mucus

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23
Q

When do pancreatic secretions begin

A

Cephalic and gastric phases

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24
Q

What start secretions from pancreas

A

Sight, thought, smell of food will stimulate pancreas

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25
Q

What hormone and neurons cause pancreatic secretions

A

Gastrin from G cells and parasympathetic neurons

26
Q

What type of reflex is pancreatic secretions

A

Enteropancreatic

27
Q

As chyme enters small int what happens to pancreas

A

Further parasympathetic output to further secretions

28
Q

Where does parasympathetic output go to in pancreas

A

To duct cells and acinar cells to get more HCO3 and more enzyme secretion

29
Q

What is secretin stimulated by

A

Acid entering the duodenum from stomach

30
Q

What is primary role of secretin

A

Regulation of pH

31
Q

2 ways secretion regulates pH

A
  1. Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from pancreas (buffers stomach acid entering)
  2. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion
32
Q

What is secondary role of secretin

A

Stimulates bile secretion from liver

33
Q

How is secretin stimulated to be released in stomach to go and act on pancreas

A

H+ stimulated S cells in duodenum which then secretin acts on duct cells stimulating HCO3 secretion

34
Q

What is all 4 hormones secondary role

A

Inhibition of gastric acid secretion and motility and this gastric emptying in sm int

35
Q

What do the enterogastrones inhibit to inhibit gastric acid secretion and motility

A

Parietal cells, Gcells and ECL cells

36
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulated by

A

Presence of fatty acids and amino acids in chyme
Primarily fat

37
Q

2 roles of CCK

A
  1. Regulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
  2. Regulate bile secretion (secondary)
38
Q

What cells does CCK stimulate

A

Acinir cells in pancreas which drives enzyme secretion to sm int

39
Q

What does increase enzymes caused by CKK cause in sm it

A

Increased digestion of fats and protein

40
Q

How does CCK regulate bile secretion

A

Contraction of gallbladder
Relaxation of sphincter of oddi

41
Q

Primary endocrine function of GIP and GIP-1

A

Glucose homeostasis

42
Q

What causes GIP and GIP-1 secretion

A

Carbs entering sm int

43
Q

What does GIP and GLP-1 cause

A

Feedforward production of insulin so can take up glucose once enters bloodstream

44
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

Acid, enzymes, and digested food results in hyperosmotic chyme that inhibits gastric emptying

45
Q

Main role of large int

A

Store and concentrate fecal matter

46
Q

How much chyme proceeds through ileocecal valve

47
Q

How dose chyme proceed through ileocecal valve

A

Valve relaxes as contraction proceeds through ileum

48
Q

Gastroileal reflex

A

Food in stomach causes contraction of ileum and relaxation of ileocecal valve

49
Q

Parts of large int

A

Ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

50
Q

What is site of fluid secretions in large int

A

Intestinal glands
Primarily mucus from goblet cells

51
Q

What is absorbed and what is left in large int

A

Ions and water reabsorbed leaving 0.1L

52
Q

What does large int lack

A

Villi because decreased absorption

53
Q

Secretions in large int

A

Minimal and primarily mucus from goblet cells

54
Q

Digestion in large int

A

Traditionally believed zero

55
Q

How are indigestible complex carbs, fats and proteins broken down

A

By bacteria through fermentation process

56
Q

What does fermentation process prodce

A
  1. Lactate and short chains FA’s
  2. Absorbable vitamins (k)
  3. Gases
57
Q

What are short chain FA’s used for

A

By colonocytes for energy production

58
Q

3 parts of motility in large int

A
  1. Slow segmental contractions
  2. Haustral rolling or churning
  3. Mass peristalsis
59
Q

How long is digestion in large int

A

18-24 hours

60
Q

Haustral rolling or churning

A

Thickened bands of longitudinal muscle layer Taenia coli (creates pouched called Haustra)
Rolls fecal matter through

61
Q

Mass peristalsis

A

Forceful contraction initiated in transverse colon
2-3 times per day

62
Q

What reflex causes mass peristalsis

A

Gastrocolic reflex, stimulated by food in stomach
Pushes everything down to make more room

Bmsc 208 (33 decks)

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