Repro 6 Flashcards
IUD
Plastic devices (some wrapped in copper to kill sperm)
Create mild inflammatory reaction in endometrium that prevent implantation of fertilized egg
What is most reliable after sterilization
IUD
What do hormonal treatments do
Prevent follicular development and ovulation
Hormones in hormonal treatments
Combinations of estrogen and progestins (or progestin only)
What do hormonal treatments inhibit
Gonadotropin secretion (LH and FSH) front anterior pituitary necessary for follicle development/ovulation
- thickened cervical mucus to block entry of sperm
Infertility
Inability to conceive after regular sexual intercourse for one year
Examples in males that cause infertility
Low sperm count, abnormal motility, abnormal sperm, retrograde ejaculation, hormone related, infections (STIs, prostatitis, mumps), female or male sperm antibodies
Female infertility
Damaged fallopian tubes
Ovulation disorders (most common)
Endometriosis
Uterine/cervical disorders (Cervical stenosis)
Ovulation disorders
PCOS, hypothalamic dysfunction, premature ovarian insufficiency
Stats of in vitro
Under 35 50%
35-37. 40%
38-40 25%
Over 40 8%
In vitro process
Women given hormone treatments to stimulate egg production
Eggs taken from ovaries
In lab eggs mixed with sperm
Embryos placed in incubator
Implanted in women’s uterus or frozen
Artificial insemmination 3 types
Intracervical insemination
Intratuabal insemination
Intrauterine insemination
First thing to occur after fertilization
Capacitation
Capacitation
Sperm sheds surface molecules (proteins and carbs) allowing them to rapidly swim and penetrate egg
What does Capacitation depend on
Substances produced in uterus (albumin, lipoproteins, proteolytic enzymes)
What is fertilization of egg and sperm caused by
Occurs by chance possibly aided by chemical attractants produced by egg
how long is an egg viable to be fertilized
12-24 hours post ovulation
How long sperm viable in female reproductive tract
5-6 days
Where does fertilization occur
Distal portion of fallopian tube
How many sperm reach fallopian
Of millions deposited only about 100 reach
What must sperm do when reach egg
Penetrate loosely connected granulosa cells and zona pellucida layer
What does the acrosome contain
Powerful enzymes dissolve cell junction and zona pellucida (sperm wiggles between)
5 parts of fertilization
- Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse
- Cortical reaction
- Sperm nucleus moves into cytoplasm of egg
- Oocyte nucleus completes meiotic division
- Sperm and egg nuclei fuse to form zygote nucleus
When sperm makes to surface of egg what happens
Proteins on head will bind to sperm binding receptors
Once on sperm binding receptors 2 things caused
- Cortical reaction
- Union of sperm membrane with oocyte membrane (DNA in sperm head enters)
Cortical reaction
First sperm causes release of cortical granules from oocyte which hardens zona pellucida
Prevents polyspermy
When is second polar body expelled
When zygote forms
Acrosomal reaction
Break down cell junctions and soma pellucida
3 steps of fertilization
Capacitation
Acrosomal reaction
Cortical reaction
Where does developing embryo implant
Endometrium
What slows smooth muscle contractions in fallopian tubes
Progesterone
What happens after 30 hours in fallopian tube
Zygote to 2 celled to 4 celled then 8 celled stages
72 hours
Morula
Implanted blastocyst
6 days
