Repro 5 Flashcards

1
Q

In early to mid follicular phase what does LH do

A

Goes to thecal cells stimulates production of androgens

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2
Q

Where do androgens go during early to mid follicular phase after stimulated by LH

A

Diffuse into granulosa cells where FSH stimulates conversion to estrogen

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3
Q

What does estrogen do after being stimulated by FSH in early to mid follicular phase

A

Provides neg feedback to granulosa cells to continually produce estrogen

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4
Q

What else do greanulosa cells secrete during early to mid follicular phase

A

Produce anti Müllerian hormone
- inhibits pool follicles so no more recruited mid cycle

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5
Q

Low levels of estrogen exert

A

Negative feedback to GnRH, FSH, OH

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6
Q

What causes LH surge during late follicular phase and ovulation

A

Increasing estrogen and progesterone flips to positive feedback on hypothalamus increases GnRH
Increase in FSH but inhibin decreases

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7
Q

What secretes progesterone

A

Granulosa cells

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8
Q

When does ovulation occur

A

16-24 hours after LH peak

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9
Q

What is LH necessary for

A

Oocyte maturation
When meiosis resumes (1st division)

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10
Q

What does mature follicle release during ovulation

A

Prostaglandins and proteolytic enzymes

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11
Q

What do proteolytic enzymes do during ovulation

A

Breakdown collagen and connective tissue holding follicle together

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12
Q

What do prostaglandins do during ovulation

A

Contribute to rupture of follicle or ovary wall

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13
Q

How is secondary oocyte swept into fallopian tube during ovulation

A

By fimbrae

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14
Q

Corona radiata

A

Oocyte when swept out of ovary with some granulosa cells attached

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15
Q

What do cells left over do in ovary

A

Become corpus luteum

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16
Q

During early to mid luteal phase what do thecal and granular cells do

A

Transform into luteal cells (LH)

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17
Q

What are luteal cells

A

Lipid droplets and glycogen granules accumulated in cytoplasm and secrete progesterone

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18
Q

What happens to estrogen and progesterone during early to mid luteal phase

A

Steadily rise and provide negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
- decreases GnRH, LH, FSH

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19
Q

What is dominant during luteal phase

A

Progesterone
- continues to influence endometrium in preperation of pregnancy

20
Q

What are thick secretions during luteal phase for

A

Cervical plus preventing bacteria and sperm

21
Q

What is corpus luteum life span

22
Q

Late luteal when pregnancy does not occur

A

Spontaneous apoptosis of corpus luteum to become corpus albicans

23
Q

What happens with hormones during late luteal

A

Progesterone and estrogen fall, FSH and LH increases

24
Q

What does maintenance of endometrium depend on

A

Progesterone
- when decreased vessels in surface contract causing surface cells to die

25
When does menstruation begin
About 14 days after ovulation, 2 days after corpus luteum ceases function
26
what does mentruation consist of
40ml blood, 35ml serous fluids and cell debris
27
What hormones influence female secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen androgens
28
Breast development Pattern of fat distribution to hips and upper thighs
Estrogen
29
Pubic and armpit hair Libido
Androgens produced by adrenal cortex
30
What is must be stimulated for erection
Parasympathetic to penile arteriole to increase blood flow in primarily corpus cavernosum Sympathetic inhibited to penile arterioles
31
Parasympathetic neurons drive what during erection
Nitric oxide from endothelial cells which proceeds and causes relaxation
32
What results in production of nitric oxide
ACh released from parasympathetic nerves binds muscarinic ACh receptors on endothelial cells
33
When NO is in endothelial cells what does it do
Enter smooth muscle and causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (increase MCLP, decreased Ca)
34
What does engorgement during erection do
Compresses veins
35
Emission
(Sympathetic) movement of sperm out of vas deferens and into urethra, where joined by secretions from accessory glands to make semen
36
Ejaculation
(Somatic) expulsion of seems (3mL) by a series of rapid muscular contractions accompanied by sensations of pleasure
37
What can cause erectile dysfucntion
Diabetes, CV disease, atherosclerosis, neurological disorders, various drugs, alcohol, tobacco
38
What does sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors do for ED
Drug inhibts Phosphodiesterase to keep cGMP activated to lower Ca and activate MLCP
39
What does fibanserin do
Restore prefrontal cortex control over brains motivation/ reward pathways that enable sex desire
40
Bremelanotide
Acts on hypothalamus, targets melanocortin receptor, involved in upregulating a women’s sexual response
41
3 categories of contraceptive practice
1. Abstinence 2. Sterilization (tubule ligation or vasectomy) 3. Interventional methods (barrier, implantation prevention, hormonal treatments)
42
What is most effective contraceptive method
Sterilization
43
What does tubal ligation do
Prevent sperm from coming into contact with ovulated eggs
44
Vasectomy
Sperm cannot enter urethra Vas deferens clipped, cut or tied
45
ancient Egyptian vaginal plugs
Leaves feathers and figs held together by dung
46
Barrier methods
Female, male condom, cervical cap