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Clinical Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of mucus membrane

A

Line all cavities that are exposed to outside - ureogenital, digestive, respiratory
Moist
Lubricates passageways
Protects from abrasion, particles and pathogens

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

(Splits after trachea)
Bronchi + bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

Respiratory system is lined with what

A

Mucus membrane
Connective tissue areolar
Covered in glandular epithelium

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5
Q

External nares

A

Air enters respiratory system via nostrils
Some aquatic birds don’t have these external nares

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6
Q

External nares leads to

A

Nasal cavity

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7
Q

Nasal cavity divided into 2 chambers

A

Separated by a septum
Filled with scrolls of bones (turbinates)
Covered in epithelium

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8
Q

Conchae

A

All of the turbinates together
Gaps are the meatus
Warm/moisten air
Cilia and mucus traps particles
Air exit internal nostrils (choana)

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9
Q

Philtrum

A

Small gap/groove in skin
Help channel odurs to nose
Horses don’t have this
Humans have wide version

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10
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Aka Jacobsons organ
Detects pheromones

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11
Q

Ethmoid turbinates with olfactory epithelium

A

Dotted along mucus membrane are smell receptors
Ethmoid bone separates from olfactory bulb

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12
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The part of the brain the nerve signals go to

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13
Q

Nasal turbinates with respiratory epithelium

A

Moisten and warm air

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14
Q

Flehmen response

A

Smell deeply or sense pheromones
Trying to pass air over vomeronasal organ (Receptors in front of mouth)
Can be stress or pain response

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15
Q

What species have Salt glands

A

Green iguanas
Gulls
Penguins
Puffins
(Species living in salty environments)

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16
Q

What do salt glands do

A

Located in nares
Excrete excess salt through sneezing
Caused by drinking salty water and needing to get rid of the salt

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17
Q

Pharynx

A

From nasal cavity air passes to pharynx
Region at back of mouth
Shared by digestive and respiratory systems

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18
Q

What are the 3 section’s pharynx splits into

A

Nasopharynx (back of nasal cavity)
Oropharynx (back of mouth)
Laryngopharynx (sits above trachea and larynx)

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19
Q

Roof of mouth parts

A

Hard palate at the front
Soft palate at the back
Seperate nasal cavity from mouth

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20
Q

Epiglottis

A

Partly attached to the tongue

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21
Q

Why do horses and rabbits only breathe through nose

A

Epiglottis is hooked behind the soft pallet so blocks airways to mouth
Makes intubation hard

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22
Q

Intubation

A

Tube into airways to administer medication or keep airways open

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23
Q

Eustachain tubes (horses)

A

One on each side of head connect nasopharynx to middle ear
Equalise pressure
Have pockets on them called guttural pouches either side of head

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24
Q

Role of guttural pouches

A

Cools down blood going to brain by passing over carotid artery

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25
Q

Nosebleeds (epistaxis) linked to guttural pouch disease

A

Fungus grows round (due to warm moist environment) and breaks down artery wall causing large nosebleed
Could lead to death

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26
Q

Why cant guttural pouches be palpated

A

Mandibular bone and parotid salivary glands lie lateral to them

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27
Q

Larynx

A

Functions to prevent anything other than air entering the lungs
Made up of cartilage
Vocal ligaments inside bring about sound

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28
Q

Epiglottis

A

Area that closes over the larynx during swallowing

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29
Q

Aspirate

A

When food goes down the wrong way

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30
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Adams Apple
Thyroid gland sits either side

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31
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Attaches to tongue

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32
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Complete ring of cartilage

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33
Q

Tracheal cartilage

A

Cartilage surrounding the trachea
Incomplete ring (C shape)

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34
Q

Trachea

A

Made up of incomplete cartilage rings which keep trachea open
Connected by smooth muscle
Flexible to allow movement
Extends the length of the neck
Enters thoracic inlet

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35
Q

Birds trachea

A

Rings of cartilage are complete and O shaped
To avoid tracheal collapse

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36
Q

Bird vocalisation

A

Lack an epiglottis, thyroid cartilage and vocal chords
Susceptible to aspiration

37
Q

Syrinx

A

Voice box/swelling (equivalent to vocal chords)
Found in caudal end of trachea
Trachea splits into 2 at syrinx

38
Q

Bifurcation

A

When the trachea divides into left and right bronchi
Each enters a lung

39
Q

Bronchi

A

Surrounded by cartilage rings
Divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles

40
Q

Bronchioles

A

Lose their cartilage walls as they get smaller till only smooth muscle

41
Q

2 types of bronchioles

A

Terminal - first bit of air that enters
Respiratory bronchioles (narrowest) leaving to alveoli

42
Q

Alveoli

A

Sac like structure surrounded by blood vessels (capillaries)
Thin membrane
Simple squamous epithelium
Millions in each lung

43
Q

Lung lobes in cat/dog

A

Left 3 - cranial, middle, caudal
Right 4 - cranial, middle, accessory, caudal

44
Q

Lung lobes in horses

A

Left - cranial, caudal
Right - cranial, accessory, caudal
Lack middle on both sides

45
Q

Lung lobes in rabbits

A

Left - cranial, caudal
Right - cranial, middle, accessory, caudal

46
Q

Lung lobes in snake

A

1 lung on the right (major)
Left shrivelled up

47
Q

Why is the left lung smaller

A

Heart is offset to left hand side
Right lung has an extra lobe (accessory)

48
Q

What is each lung covered by

A

Pulmonary pleura (visceral pleura - organ)
Seperated from parietal pleura by pleural space

49
Q

Pleural space

A

Contains a vacuum
Lubrication comes from blood due to leaky vessels

50
Q

Birds respiratory system

A

10 times more efficient due to high altitude and low oxygen levels

51
Q

Bird air sacs

A

9 air sacs

Cervical x2
Interclavicular
Anterior thoracic x2
Posterior thoracic c2
Abdominal x2

52
Q

Bird lungs

A

Semi rigid
Do not significantly inflate or deflate

53
Q

Bird respiration

A

Continuous circulation of air passes through the lungs twice
Most gaseous exchange occurs during second passage
No true diaphragm (to accommodate air sacs)

54
Q

Inspiration (breathing in)

A

Intercostal muscles contract
diaphragm contract down
Volume of thoracic cavity (chest) increases
Pressure in lungs decreases
Lungs pulled outwards and up
Air sucked in

55
Q

Expiration (breathing out)

A

Passive process (no muscles contract - just relax)
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Pressure in lungs increase
Lungs collapse (Air leaves)

56
Q

Hiatus

A

Opening / breathe in something

57
Q

Movement of air

A

High pressure to low pressure

58
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

Diaphragm contracts
Intercostal muscles contract
(Both require energy)
Thorax enlarges
Inspiration complete
Diaphragm relaxes
Intercostal muscles relax
Both passive (no energy)
Expiration complete

59
Q

Key function of respiratory system

A

Transport inspired air containing oxygen along respiratory passages and to alveoli for gaseous exchange
Transport CO2 out of body

60
Q

Physiology of respiration

A

Millions of alveoli provide large surface area for gaseous exchange
Oxygen diffuses across pulmonary membrane of the alveolus into capillaries blood
Oxygen exchange pd for CO2
CO2 excreted in expired air

61
Q

Control of respiration

A

Respiration centres within pons and medulla of the hindbrain
Inspiration centre - controls inspiration
Expiration centre - controls expiration
Expiration is mainly passive but impulse from the expiratory centre may assist

62
Q

Rate and depth of respiration

A

Controlled via
Stretch receptors and chemoreceptors

63
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Measure pH and oxygen level
Peripheral - in walls of aorta and carotid artery (large blood vessels)
Central - in medulla of brain

64
Q

Why are there pH changes in the blood during respiration

A

High levels of CO2 lowers pH (makes more acidic)
Chemoreceptors detect this change and send a signal to the inspiratory centre of the brain

65
Q

Blood pH

A

7/7.3

66
Q

Control of inspiration

A

Impulse from inspiratory centre travels to diaphragm via phrenic nerve and to intercostal muscles via the intercostal nerve

67
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Lie within walls of bronchi/bronchioles
When Lungs expand sufficiently - send message to inspiratory centre via the vagus nerve (stop inspiring and start expiring)

68
Q

Hering Bruer reflex

A

Vagus nerve (stops inspiring and starts expiring) inhibits further inspiration (initiates expiration as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax)

69
Q

Respiration rates of cat (bpm)

A

20-30 range 10

70
Q

Respiratory rate of dog (bpm)

A

10-30 range 20

71
Q

Rabbit respiratory rate (bpm)

A

30-60 range 30

72
Q

Mouse respiratory rate (bpm)

A

100-250 range150

73
Q

Horse respiratory rate (bpm)

A

8-20 range 12

74
Q

African parrot respiratory rate (bpm)

A

15-45 range30

75
Q

Cornsnake respiratory rate (bpm)

A

6-10 range 4

76
Q

Respiratory rate in fit amimsls

A

Fitter the animal the lower the respiratory rate due to efficient lungs

77
Q

Respiratory rate in small animals

A

Smaller the animal the quicker the rate of respiration

78
Q

Total lung capacity

A

The total volume of air in lungs

79
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air breather in or out in one normal breathe

80
Q

Functional residual volume

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after one normal breath

81
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of ai that can be forced out of lungs

82
Q

Residual volume

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after forced expiration

83
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

The volume of air that does not reach the alveoli- equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

84
Q

How much oxygen is in inspired air

A

21%

85
Q

How much oxygen in expired air

A

16%

86
Q

How much CO2 in inspired air

A

0.04%

87
Q

How much CO2 in expired air

A

4-5%

88
Q

Most prevalent gas in air

A

Nitrogen 78%

89
Q

How many olfactory receptors does a canine nose have

A

300 million

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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