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Clinical Anatomy > Blood Physiology And Cardivascular System > Flashcards

Blood Physiology And Cardivascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood smear demo

A

Blood near end of slide
Second slide at 45degre angle
Push along slide away from you like a plane taking off
10 dunks in each liquid blue, pink, purple

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2
Q

What are the distinguishing features of RBC

A

no nucleus
No organelles
Biconcave disc shape

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3
Q

Which cell do majority of blood cells originate from in bone marrow

A

Myeloid stem cell

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4
Q

Which proportion of the circulation do white blood cells and platelets usually makeup

A

1% of blood

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5
Q

What other name are granulocytes also known as as and why

A

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs)
Nucleus can have more than one shape - lots of lobes

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6
Q

What colour do neutrophils nucleus stain

A

Light purple (hardly look stained)

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7
Q

What colour do eosinophils nucleus stain

A

Red/orange

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8
Q

What colour do basophils nucleus stain

A

Dark purple/blue

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9
Q

What colour do monocytes stain

A

Dark purple same as basophil but lot larger cell and one big nucleus

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10
Q

What are neutrophils most commonly involved in

A

Inflammation. Attack most common type of infection - bacteria

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11
Q

How does the size of a lymphocyte compare to an eosinophil

A

Lymphocyte are the smallest WBC about same size as RBC

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12
Q

What do monocytes become when they leave the circulation to go to an inflamed tissue

A

Macrophages which go to tissue
Osteoclast in bone

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13
Q

how long to RBCS survive in circulation

A

120 days then the spleen removes them

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14
Q

How are platelets produced

A

Fragments of cells in bone marrow
Portions of megakaryocytes

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15
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clotting

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16
Q

How long do platelets survive in circulation

A

10 days

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17
Q

Where does coronary artery arise from

A

First branch of aorta
If blocked blood wouldn’t get to rest of the body

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18
Q

What function did the fossa invalid serve in the foetus

A

Hole in the heart to pass the blood as didn’t need to go to lungs because foetuses don’t breathe

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19
Q

Hours many cusps in right AV valve

A

3

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20
Q

How many cusps in Left AV valve

A

3

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21
Q

Pulmonary and aortic (semi lunar) valves

A

2

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22
Q

Vessles and organs that transport blood around the body

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The heart

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23
Q

Arteries function

A

Transport oxygenated blood (apart from umbilical artery and pulmonary artery) which carry deoxygenated blood

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24
Q

Artery walls

A

Thick vessel walls of smooth muscle to withstand high pressure of blood from heart

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25
Q

Artery lumen

A

Small / narrow
Smooth muscle controls the diameter and regulates the blood flow to different organs

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26
Q

Why don’t arteries have valves

A

Presence of elastic tissue and muscle means they don’t need valves

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27
Q

Smallest arteries

A

Arterioles

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28
Q

What are artery’s lined with

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

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29
Q

Vein function

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to heart (apart from umbilical vein and pulmonary vein which carry oxygenated blood)
Often used for collecting blood samples

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30
Q

Vein walls

A

Thinner walls as don’t deal with high blood pressure (less smooth muscle)
Large lumen

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31
Q

Why do veins have valves

A

Can collapse on themselves rather than holding their shape so need valves to prevent back flow of blood

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32
Q

Smallest veins

A

Venules

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33
Q

Capillaries function

A

Gaseous exchange via diffusion occurs here (CO2 and O2)
Some are tight some are leaky depends on space between epithelial cells (more gaps = more leaky)

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34
Q

Capillaries structure

A

Small thin walls that are permeable
One cell thick - single layer of endothelial cells
Slow blood flow
Very small lumen

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35
Q

Where are capillaries leaky

A

Spleen

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36
Q

Where are capillaries tight

A

Brain

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37
Q

What happens if a capillary gets blocked

A

No issues

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38
Q

Blood composition

A

Fluid = plasma - 55%
Cellular = RBC - 45%
Buff coat = WBC + Platelets <1%

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39
Q

Plasma

A

90% water plus 3 plasma proteins and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Prothrombin

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40
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Help to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood (hold water in the blood) because they are too large to pass out the circulation.

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41
Q

Albumin

A

Protein produced by the liver and helps to maintain the osmotic concentration of the blood

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42
Q

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

A

Proteins produced by the liver and involved in the clotting mechanism/cascade

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43
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies produced by the immune system

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44
Q

What does plasma transport

A

Electrolytes - Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, 2CO-3
Gasses - O2 and CO2
Nutrients - aa, fatty acids and glucose
Waste products - urea and creatinine (to kidneys and liver for excretion)
Hormones

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45
Q

Electrolyte roles

A

Maintain blood pH to remain neutral (7)

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46
Q

Urea and creatinine

A

Protein metabolism- muscle breakdown

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47
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with the clotting factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin) removed
If you let the blood sample clot - the fluid left

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48
Q

Anti coagulants

A

Anti clotting factor in blood

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49
Q

Cellular component of blood

A

(Buffy coat)
Leucocytes (WBC)
Thrombocytes (platelets)

Erythrocytes (RBC)

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50
Q

Haemopoiesis/haematopoisis

A

Process by which ALL blood cells are produced
They are all produced from myeloid/lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow of long bones/pelvis/sternum/skull

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51
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells
Stimulated by erythropoietin (hormone) produced by kidney

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52
Q

How do kidneys play a part in red blood cells

A

They monitor blood levels and so if O2 becomes too low the hormone erythropoietin is produced

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53
Q

What happens as rbc develop

A

Nucleus condenses and is present until rbc becomes a reticulocyte then become fine threads known as Howell-Joly bodies
Nucleus disappears and mature rbc is released

54
Q

What is a reticulocyte

A

An immature red blood cell (nucleus present but condensed)

55
Q

Howell-joly bodies

A

The remnants of the rbc nucleus

56
Q

How long does Erythropoiesis take

A

4-7 days but rbc can survive for 120days

57
Q

Many reticulocytes would indicate what

A

Large hemorage/bleed or anaemia

58
Q

Structure of rbc

A

Biconcave disc - larger sa for O2
No organelles or nucleus
Red due to heamoglobin protein containing iron

59
Q

What happens to damaged or dead rbc

A

Removed from circulation by the spleen
Biproducts are iron and bilirubin (green bile) found in poo

60
Q

Leucocytes (wbc) role

A

Involved in immune response
Fight infection
Produce antibodies

61
Q

Luecuocytes structure

A

Contain nucleus
Come what different shapes of nuclei
Short lived and less of them than rbc

62
Q

2 types of leucocytes

A

Granulocytes - have granules - attack/kill/destroy die quickly

Agranulocytes - don’t have granules last for years (memory cells)

63
Q

WBC granulocytes

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

64
Q

Nuetrophils

A

Come from myeloid stem cell
make up 70% of wbc
destroy bacteria
STAIN LIGHT PURPLE

65
Q

Eosinophils

A

Come from myeloid stem cell
less common
fight infection from worms/parasites etc
antihistamine (anti-inflammatory)
STAIN PINK/RED/ORANGE

66
Q

Basophil

A

Come from myeloid stem cell
make up 1% of wbc
largest granulocytes
release heparin (anticoagulant) STAIN DARK BLUE/PURPLE

67
Q

WBC agranulocytes

A

Lymphocyte - B & T

Monocytes

68
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Comes from lymphoid stem cell
Humoral/antibidy mediated immune response
Detect bacteria/foreign bodies
Control other wbc to attack
Produce antibodies
Memory b cells

69
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Comes from lymphoid stem cell
Cell mediated immune response
Detect foreign bodies WITIHIN living cells
Tell others to attack
Turn into killer T cells

70
Q

Monocyte

A

Comes from myeloid stem cell
Largest type of wbc
Turn to macrophages and can break down pathogen

71
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Cell fragments formed in bone marrow (not whole cells)
No nucleus
Originate from megakaryocyte
Usually seem clumped together
Lifespan 10days
Involved in clotting mechanism

72
Q

cardiovascular system adaptations for reptiles and birds

A

Rbc are nucleated and oval
Platelets are nucleated
Neutrophils are heterophils

(Snakes) Azurophil - mononuclear cell increases in number if infection

73
Q

cardiovascular system adaptations for small mammals

A

More lymphocytes then neutrophils
(Rabbits) have pseudoeosinophils (look like eosinophils but are neutrophils)

(Guinea pigs) have Foa-Kurloff cells - mononuclear cells seen in females during gestation

74
Q

Blood clot why is it important

A

Important to Prevent excessive blood loss and stopping debris and bacteria entering the wound

75
Q

Body’s natural anticoagulant

A

Heparin (basophils make this)
Prevents unwanted clots forming in blood vessels

76
Q

Clotting time

A

3-5mins

77
Q

What is involved in blood clotting

A

Platelets
Proteins known as clotting factors (prothrombin and fibrinogen)
Vitamin k from liver produce some clotting factors

78
Q

The clotting mechanism/ coagulation cascade

A

Platelets stick to each other and damaged vessels to form a seal
Release enzyme called thromboplastin
This and Ca ions convert the protein prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin
Thrombin converts soluble protein fibrinogen to mesh of insoluble fibrin
Form network across damaged area to trap blood forming a clot
Seals with scab

79
Q

Where does the heart sit in the body

A

Mediastinum ( space in the middle of the chest between the lungs)
Slightly Left of midline
Base of heart sits cranially to apex
Apex of heart lies close to sternum

80
Q

Pericardium

A

The sac the heart is enclosed in
Very tough and strong
Stops heart rubbing against lungs
Stops over filling (in healthy animals)

81
Q

3 walls of the heart

A

Endocardium (inner layer) - epithelium
Myocardium (middle layer) - cardiac muscle
Epicardium (outer layer) - thin layer of connective tissue lots of elastic

82
Q

Direction of blood flow in beart

A

RHS -DEOXYGENATED
Vena cava (from body)
Right atrium
Right atrioventricular valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery (to lungs)

LHS - OXYGENATED
pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left atrioventricular valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta (to body)

83
Q

Septum

A

Separates 2 dudes from mixing blood
Gets thinner cranially to hold more blood

84
Q

Chordal tendinae

A

Heart strings
Stop cusps from collapsing in wrong direction
Stops back flow of blood from ventricle to artery

85
Q

Papillary muscle

A

Lumps of cardiac tissue that pull on heart strings to open and close valve

86
Q

When blood flows towards heart it travels in what

A

Veins

87
Q

When blood flows away from the heart it travels in

A

Arteries

88
Q

Main artery

A

Aorta - oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle in the aortic arch (origin of the aorta)

89
Q

Coronary arteries

A

First branch of the aorta
Delivers oxygenated blood to the tissues of the heart

90
Q

Reptiles artery adaptations

A

2 aortas exit the heart (right and left)
Merge to form a single abdominal aorta halfway down the body
Heart is heart shaped

Variable number of renal arteries in reptiles
1-2 in snakes
4-5 in chameleons

91
Q

Birds artery adaptations

A

Aorta curves to the right rather than the left
So left ventricle can contract harder as nothing is physically in the way so more blood goes to rest of the body
Good blood supply needed for flying

92
Q

Reptil heart adaptations

A

3 chambers instead of 4 - 2 atria and one common ventricle
Lack of ventricle wall
Ventricle receives blood from right and left side
Deoxygenated blood directed to pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood may pass either to aortas or pulmonary circulation

93
Q

Why do reptiles have this heart adaptations

A

Low metabolic rate so require less O2

94
Q

Birds and reptiles renal portal system

A

Venous blood from hind limbs and caudal end of body can travel back to heart by passing renal tissue (goes through kidneys twice)

95
Q

Nephrotoxic drugs

A

Harmful to nephrons/kidney so should be injected in top half of body

96
Q

Cardiac cycles

A

Contraction of atria and ventricles (systole)
Relaxation of atria and ventricles (diastole)

NB atrial systole is different to ventral systole as happening at different times

97
Q

Cardiac cycle explained

A

Cardiac diastole - all chambers are relaxed so blood flows in

Atrial systole and ventriclar diastole - atria contracting pushing blood into relaxed ventricles

Atrial diastole and ventricular systole - atria relax venticles contract pushing blood out of heart

98
Q

Lub dub sound

A

Closure of heart valves causes the noises we hear

99
Q

Inherent contractibility

A

Heart able to contract rhythmically and automatically without nervous input

100
Q

The conducting system

A

The mechanism responsible for initiating and coordinating the heartbeat
It must be able to alter rapidly for changing environments so is brought about by nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system overriding the inherent rate

101
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

Nerve impulse travels from sinoatrial node (in R atrium)
To atrioventricular node (atrial contraction)
To bundle of His
To purkinje fibres (ventricle contraction)

102
Q

What are the nodes in the heart

A

Bundle of nerves

103
Q

Bundle of His

A

Bundle of nerves cells in ventricular septum
Branches right and left to apex of heart

104
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

It’s of branches of nerves after splitting from bundle of his

105
Q

What is blood pressure

A

A measurement of force that pushes blood through the arterial circulation
Influences by the heartbeat, blood vol and thick elasticity of the blood vessel walls

106
Q

BP during systole

A

Highest at this time (contraction)
Top number

107
Q

BP during diastole

A

Lowest during this time
Heart relaxing
Bottom number

108
Q

How is BP mesusred

A

Baroreceptors in aorta/carotid artery measure pressure flowing through vessels

109
Q

What happens if bp is too high

A

Baroreceptors tell heart via autonomic nerves to reduce heart rate and decrease contractility
Immediate short term effect

110
Q

What happens if bp is too low

A

Baroreceptors tell heart via autonomic nerves to increase heart rate and contractility
Immediate short term effect

111
Q

What is contractility

A

Force when heart contracts

112
Q

How to make the effect long term

A

Excrete/retain more water in the kidneys

113
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS)

A

Renin is a hormone produced by kidney in response to low bp
Promotes release of aldosterone by adrenal glands
This increases water resorption from nephrons pulls water into blood stream (less water loss in urine)
More water retained means increased bp

114
Q

Antidiuretuc hormone or vasopressin (ADH)

A

released by pituitary gland in response to low bp and increased osmotic pressure of blood
Causes Increased retention of water by kidneys
More water retained in body (including blood) means increased bp

115
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Step 1 products of digestion are absorbed into the capillaries within the vili of the small intestine

Step 2 digested food molecules travel through hepatic portal veins to the liver

Step 3 liver monitors blood contents

Step 4 hepatic veins deliver blood to the circulatory system

116
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies in the liver

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein (blood comes from GI/digestive tract)
Enables products of digestion to be metabolised straight away

117
Q

Foetal circulation

A

Placenta carries out the roles later performed by neonates lungs

Umbilical artery carry deoxygenated blood containing waste products from foetus back to placenta

Umbilical vein carry oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta to the foetus passing to the foetal liver

118
Q

What is a shunt

A

Blood going different routes as to where we expect

119
Q

Foramwn ovals

A

This hole closes and turns into an indent or depression known as fossa ovalis

120
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Is an artery that turns into a ligament - ligamentum arteriosus

121
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connection vessel between pulmonary artery and aorta which by passes liver straight to vena cava. turns into falciform ligament which flows through aorta to bypass pulmonary artery

122
Q

When are shunts closed

A

When first breath is taken

123
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Returns excess tissue fluid that has leaked out of capillaries back to blood (doesn’t deliver nutrients)
Known as lymph
Works with movement to help push fluid back up (no heat beating)

124
Q

Leaky capillaries

A

Plasma escapes blood vessels
Pooling between cells
Interstitial fluid increases
Lymph system removes the excess fluid

125
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Found throughout the body draining lymph from body tissue and from lymph node to lymph node.
Plasma returns to blood
Lymph must pass through at least 1 lymph node before returning to blood circulation

126
Q

Lymphatic organs (transport fats)

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Contain B and T cells (mature lymphocytes) to fight infection (in nodes to monitor blood for bacteria)

127
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter lymphatic system and all the lymph
Dotted atom lymphatic vessels
Enlargement of vessels

128
Q

Tonsils

A

Either side of pharynx

129
Q

Thymus

A

Glad sits cranial to heart

130
Q

Spleen

A

2 jobs
Red pulp=remove old damaged rbc also stores rbc
White pulp= b and tcells helps filter lymph

If ruptures massive internal bleeding

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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