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Clinical Anatomy > Neurological And Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Neurological And Sensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Function of choroid layer

A

Black pigment absorbs light
Iridescent layer reflects light onto retina

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2
Q

Function of iridic granules

A

Shade from direct sunlight - extension of iris

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3
Q

Function of the lens

A

Focus light onto retina

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4
Q

Function of retina

A

Transmits information from photosensitive cells

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5
Q

Why does the diameter of spinal cord decrease from cranial to caudal

A

Nerves branch away

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6
Q

3 layers of meninges surround spinal cord and the brain

A

Duromater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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7
Q

What does the white matter contain

A

Myelinated axons

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8
Q

What does grey matter contain

A

Synapses mostly
Dendrite
Cell body
Axon terminal
Non myelinated axons

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9
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex folded

A

Larger surface area to fit more synapses

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10
Q

Structures that make up the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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11
Q

Structures that make up PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerve branches

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12
Q

2 functional divisions of peripheral nervous system

A

Autonomic and symatic systems

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13
Q

Autonomic and symatic branch to what

A

Para sympathetic and sympathetic
Which are involuntary and voluntary (reflex arc isn’t)

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14
Q

What is contained within the sympathetic trunk

A

Sympathetic axons

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15
Q

3 structures that make up the brain stem

A

Mid brain
Pons
Medulla

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16
Q

What is the nervous system

A

A system which takes information from outside world, analyses it and brings about an appropriate response (motor)

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17
Q

What are neurons responsible for

A

Transmission of nerve impulses throughout nervous tissue

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18
Q

What are neurones supported by

A

Connective tissue and neuroglial cells (accessory)

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19
Q

Example of glial cells

A

Schwann cell - as it helps neuron to function

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20
Q

Parts that make up a neuron

A

Cell body (houses nucleus)
Dendrons forming finer dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
axon terminal

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21
Q

Roles of dendron/dendrites

A

Carry impulses TOWARDS cell body

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22
Q

Axon role

A

Carries nerve impulses AWAY from cell body (may be only a few mm long)

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23
Q

Myelin sheath role

A

Increases speed of transmission of the impulse but is interrupted along the axon (nodes of ranvier)

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24
Q

Nodes of ranvier role

A

Gaps between myelinated sheath that impulse can jump across to increase impulse speed

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25
Q

Axon terminal role

A

Branch endings of axon that make synaptic contacts with the dendrites of the other nerve cells

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26
Q

Structure of neuron

A

Can be anywhere between a few mm to a metre long
Can vary in shape
Cell body can be in different areas along axon

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27
Q

What does White matter contain

A

Myelinated axons - fat wrapped around myelin sheath

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28
Q

What does grey matter contain

A

Non myelinated axons
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon terminals

29
Q

What are vesicles

A

Chemical transmitters found in the pre-synaptic terminal
Acetylcholine, adrenaline, serotonin, and dopamine

30
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a neuron

A

Calcium is pumped into the neuron via a voltage gated calcium ion channel and pushes vesicle to pre synaptic terminal

31
Q

What is the pre synaptic cleft

A

Gap where chemical transmitter are released into

32
Q

What is the synapse called when a nerve meets a muscle

A

Neuromuscular junction

33
Q

When the inside action potential is more negative than outside what happens to axon

A

It is said to be polarised- at test

34
Q

What depolarises the neurone membrane

A

A stimulus so the inside becomes more positive

35
Q

Repolarisation

A

The axon returns to rest

36
Q

What are the 2 parts the nervous system splits into

A

Central nervous systems (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (all other nerves)

37
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system split into

A

Autonomic nervous system (communicates with internal organs and glands) INVOLUNTARY
Somatic nervous system (communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles) VOLUNTARY

38
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system split into

A

Sympathetic division (arousing)
Parasympathetic division (calming)

39
Q

What does the somatic nervous system split into

A

Sensory (afferent) nervous system - sensory input back to CNS
Motor (efferent) nervous system - motor output away from CNS

40
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Mid brain
Hindbrain

41
Q

Forebrain contents

A

Cerebrum - conscious thought
Split into 4 lobes for each hemisphere
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
(Olfactory lobe in dogs as it is large for scent)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

42
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Area that joins the two cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motor control
Speech
Problem solving
Olfactory bulb sits on inferior surface used for scent

44
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory input and proprioception (aware of where body is)

45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

46
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory
Language comprehension
Memory

47
Q

Thalamus

A

A paired area of sensory input process

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A paired structure that maintains homeostasis
Controls hormonal release by the pituitary gland

49
Q

Midbrain contents

A

A structure of Fibres that attach forebrain and hindbrain together with nerves passing through
Difficult to see in gross specimens

50
Q

Hindbrain contents

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla (oblongata)

51
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain”
Controls balance and coordination (near temporal and occipital bone)

52
Q

Pons

A

Lays ventral to cerebellum
Centre that controls respiration

53
Q

Medulla

A

Extends from the pons and merges into the spinal cord
Controls respiration and blood pressure

54
Q

What makes up the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

55
Q

4 things that protect the brain

A

Cranium
Ventricular system
Meninges
Blood brain barrier

56
Q

What is the ventricular system

A

Interconnected canals filled with cerebrospinal-spinal fluid (CSF) within the brain and spinal cord to protect from damage by sudden knocks/movements
Provides nutrients to nervous tissue

57
Q

What are the meninges

A

3 protective layers around the brain and spinal cord
Dura mater (outer layer)
Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
Pia mater (inner layer)

58
Q

How long does the spinal cord run

A

From medulla oblongata to the 6th/7th lumbar vertebrae (hips)

59
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

Surrounding bony vertebrae

60
Q

Tapered end of spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

61
Q

What are the enlargements points called on the spinal cord

A

Intumescentia

62
Q

After the 6th/7th lumbar vertebrae the cord breaks up into many smaller nerves called

A

Cauda equine (horse tail in Latin )

63
Q

What is the area where the spinal cord is tethered called

A

Filum terminale - 3 layers of meninges fused together

64
Q

Inner Grey matter of spinal cord (butterfly Core)

A

Contains synapses of nerves either about to leave or have just entered spinal cord
Forms dorsal lateral and ventral horns

65
Q

Key features of cross section of the spinal cord

A

Central canal
Grey matter
White matter
Ventral median fissure (groove)
Dorsal horn
Lateral horn
Ventral horn

66
Q

Dura mater and arachnoid mater are essentially what

A

Sheets on top of the brain

67
Q

Pia mater is essentially what

A

Goes inside all grooves in the brain

68
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Physical barrier between blood and brain (gleal cells)

69
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Nerves leaving the brain - can be sensory (to CNS) / motor (away CNS) or mixed
Nerves leaving the spinal cord (all mixed neurones)

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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