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Clinical Anatomy > Joint Tendons And Ligaments > Flashcards

Joint Tendons And Ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

Joint

A

Occurs where two or more bones join together. (Articulate)

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2
Q

Classification of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Present as sutures in the skull

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Synchondroses - between the epiphysis and diaphysis in growing animals
Symphyses - between the mandible bones of the lower jaw and the pubic bone of the pelvis

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5
Q

Synovial joint

A

Characterised by the presence of synovial membrane, fibrous joint capsules, articulate surfaces, synovial fluid, ligaments and meniscus

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6
Q

Parts of synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage
Synovial layer (of joint capsule)
Fibrous layer (of joint capsule)
Joint cavity (with synovial fluid)

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7
Q

Flexion

A

Bending limb by decreasing the angle of the joint

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8
Q

Extension

A

Straightening the limb by increasing the angle of the joint

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Moving the limb distal to the joint towards the midline/body

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10
Q

Abduction

A

Moving the limb distal to the joint away from midline/body

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11
Q

Gliding

A

Flat surfaces moving over each other (flat bones moving across each other)

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12
Q

Rotation

A

Turning the limb round it’s long axis (screw driver)

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13
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving one end of a bone (usually the end of distal to the joint) in a circular motion

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14
Q

Protraction

A

Lengthening the limb by moving distal limb away from the body

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15
Q

Retraction

A

Shortening the limb by moving the distal limb towards the body

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16
Q

Supination (type of rotation)

A

Turning the palmar/plantar surface more cranially

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17
Q

Pronation (type of rotation)

A

Turning the palmar/plantar surface more caudally

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18
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of mostly elastic fibres
Connects bone to bone (including forming part of joint capsule)

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19
Q

Tendons

A

Bands of mostly collagen fibre
Connects muscle to bone
Bursa may be present where tension is close to bone to act as protective cushion

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20
Q

Synovial sheath

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding tendons to allow for smooth movement of tendon over bone
Provides nutrients to tendon

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21
Q

Navicular bursa

A

Under navicular bone to stop tendon rubbing on bone

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22
Q

Stifle joint

A

Horses have 3 patellar tendons
Lateral collateral ligament
Medial collateral ligament
Caudal and cranial cruciate ligaments
Meniscus (made of Fibrocartilage)
Cartilage
Surrounding muscle and bone

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23
Q

Hip joint

A

Femoral head (ball )
Acetabulum (socket)
Acetabular labrum (cartilage to keep head of femur in)
Ligament of head of femur

24
Q

Elbow joint (hinge)

A

Articular capsule
Lateral ulnar collateral ligament
Accessory collateral ligament
Annular ligament (from ulnar wraps over radius to ulna on other side)
Radial collateral ligament (either side)

25
Q

The stay apparatus

A

Anatomical adaptations to limbs which allow the horse to rest and sleep in a standing position
Present in fore and hind limbs
Conserves energy
This is achieved by locking joints to reduce muscle contraction

26
Q

Limbs in stay apparatus

A

All limbs - Fibrous muscles, tendons and ligaments keep legs supported and prevent collapse at rest
Hidlimb - the stifle of one leg “locks” using patella tendons
Allows other leg to rest on toe of hoof
Every few minutes horse shifts weight to other leg

27
Q

Medial epicondyle

A

Hooks on femur
Quads contract

28
Q

Tendons and ligaments in equine distal limb front

A

Common digital extensor tendon
Lateral digital extensor tendon

29
Q

Tendons and ligaments in equine distal limb back

A

*Superficial digital flexor tendon
*Deep digital flexor tendon
Proximal suspensory ligament
Suspensory ligament (interasteous ligament - annular ligament)
Superficial distal sesamoidean ligament
Deep digital flexor tendon

*’check’ ligaments are part of these tendons (attach tendon to bone to prevent over extension of joints)

30
Q

Muscle origin

A

Proximal attachment to skeleton

31
Q

Main part of muscle

A

Belly

32
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Where the Distal part of the muscle attaches to skeleton

33
Q

How many digital extensor tendons are there in horses how does it compare to dogs

A

2 common/lateral
Same for dogs

34
Q

What is the insertion site of the common digital extensor in a horse

A

Bottom bone of the foot - distal phalanx

35
Q

What is the insertion site of the lateral digital extensor

A

Proximal phalanx

36
Q

Are the extensor tendons palpable and on live horse

A

Yes u can feel them

37
Q

What happens to the superficial digital flexor tendon after it passes over the fetlock joint

A

Branches and splits into 2 (it would split twice for each digit in other animals)

38
Q

Where does the superficial digital flexor tendon insert

A

Proximal and middle phalanx

39
Q

Where does the deep digital tendon insert

A

Distal phalanx

40
Q

Where does the distal check ligament insert

A

Branch of the deep digital flexor tendon

41
Q

Where does the distal check ligament originate

A

Carpus - gives extra point of attachment so more strength for deep digital flexor tendon

42
Q

What is the role of the interosseus ligament in the horse

A

Flush to cannon bone and suspend ferlok
AKA suspensory ligament
Dogs lack this ligament and instead have many interosseus muscles

43
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to skeleton brings about movement

44
Q

Internal components of muscle

A

Sarcomere - functional unit made up of proteins actin and myosin filaments

45
Q

How is contraction bought about in muscles

A

Nerve impulse
Actin filament slides past the myosin filaments towards the middle of the sarcomere

46
Q

Requirements for movement of muscle

A

Increased Intracellular calcium concentration
Energy in the form of ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate)

47
Q

Bundles of sarcomere

A

Known as myofibrils

48
Q

Many myofibrils

A

Create a muscle fibre/cell (sarcolemma is the cell membrane)

49
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding and connecting each muscle fibre

50
Q

Group of muscle fibres/cells

A

Known as fascicle (joined together by endomysium)

51
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding and connecting each fascicle

52
Q

Epimysium

A

Whole muscle (muscle belly) surrounded by this connective tissue

53
Q

Adaptations of birds muscles to help them fly

A

Pectoralis major
Supracoracoideus

54
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Muscles for downward movement of the wings

55
Q

Supracoracoideus

A

Muscle attaches to humerus allowing upward movement of wings

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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