Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Anatomy > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Condyle

A

A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone (end of long bones and in skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Crest

A

Raised area of bone (found in skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Foramen

A

A hole or opening within a bone (usually for nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fossa

A

A depression within a hole where another structure is found - Socket part of joints
Muscle usually sits in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Groove

A

A depression in a bone (linear groove for nerves and blood vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Process

A

A thin, elongated projection (finger off bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sinus

A

A narrow hollow cavity (found in face followed with air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Spine

A

The central part of a bone (spine of the scapula)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Trochanter

A

A prominent area of the femur that lies behind the head of the femur (only found on femur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tubercle

A

A small elevation on the surface of a bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tuberosity

A

The area of the tubercle where the tendons attach (end of tubercle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cranium

A

Big circle of bone that houses brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Maxilla

A

Upper jaw and nasal chambers directly attached to front of cranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw
Attached to cranium and maxilla via muscles and some ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyoid apparatus

A

Attaches to tongue, larynx and skull
Supports tongue
Suspends larynx from skull
Hyoid bone - made of many small bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 4 main bones of the head

A

Cranium
Maxilla
Mandible
Hyoid apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sutures

A

Cranium, maxilla, mandible made up of smaller bones joined together by sutures (fibrous joints made of collagen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Composite parts of cranium

A

Foramen magnum
frontal bone
occipital bone
orbit
parietal bone
sphenoid complex
temporal bone
Tympanic bulla
Zygomatic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Composite parts of maxilla

A

Incisive bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla bone
Palatine bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Composite parts of mandible

A

Alveoli (areas for tooth attachment)
Condylar process
Coronoid process
Ramus
Symphysis
Mandibular symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Hole at back of skull where spinal cord exits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Frontal bone

A

Essentially the forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Occipital bone

A

Back of bone that houses optic foreamen where optic nerve travels through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Orbit bone

A

Where eyes sit
Underneath is the cheekbone (zygomatic arch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Parietal bone

A

Caudal part of skull at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sphenoid complex

A

Very bouncy due to lots of little bones joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Temporal bone

A

Part of zygomatic arch
Has a temporal process of zygomatic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Lacrimal bone

A

2 lots either side inside of eye / orbit formimg the eye socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tympanic bulla

A

Part of temporal bone surrounding ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Zygomatic arch (cheek bone)

A

Zygomatic bone
Temporal process of zygomatic bone
Sphenoid complex
Zygomatic process of temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Incisive bone

A

Where incisors root goes into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Nasal bone

A

Top of nose above maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Palatine bone

A

Make up hard and soft palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Maxilla bone

A

Biggest In maxilla
Hold teeth
Infraorbital foremen runs through maxilla (nerves come out of this for feelings in teeth and jaw)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Alveoli

A

Areas of tooth attachment/ holes for teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hyoid apparatus

A

Series of small bones which suspend the tongue and larynx from the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

External

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

External auditory meatus

A

Ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Mandibular symphysis

A

Made of collagen
Weaker than cartilage
Cats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Masseteric fossa

A

Indent of ramus masseter Where muscles sits in used for chewing/mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mandibulae body

A

Shaft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which bone of the skull does hyoid apparatus attach to

A

Temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

List foramens in jaw (holes)

A

Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen (front)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

List foreamens in maxilla

A

Infraorbital foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

3 skull types

A

Dolicocephalic
Mesocephalic
Brachycephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dolicocephalic

A

Long narrow head
Eg whippets, lurchers, greyhounds, collies
Simese and Burmese cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mesocephalic

A

Medium sized head
German shepherd, Labrador, Bernese mountain dog, wolf
Tabby, domestic shorthair,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Brachycephalic

A

Short wide head
Pug, boxer, bulldog, chihuahua
Persian cat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Poor development of skull

A

Small cranium
Brain being squeezed (parts of cerebellum push out of back of skull)
Magnum foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Fluid build up in brain/spinal chord most common in CKC spaniels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Sinuses in dogs, cats horses

A

Dogs/cats - frontal (one on each side of forehead) and maxillary sinuses (just 1)

Horse - complex network of sinuses 6 pairs

More sinuses = larger/heavier skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Horses sinuses

A

2x Frontal sinus
2x Caudal maxillary sinus
2x rostral maxillary sinus
2x ventral conchal sinus
2x dorsal chonchal sinus
2x palatine sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Frontal sinuses

A

Forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Caudal maxillary sinus

A

Back of jaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Rostral maxillary sinus

A

Front of nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Ventral conchal sinus

A

Bottom of turbinate bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Dorsal conchal sinus

A

Top of turbinate bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Palatine sinus

A

In palatine bone so roof of mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Between each vertebrae body
Shock absorber to minimise damage to spinal cord
Allows flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Spinous process

A

Largest process on spine
Causes withers
No spinous process on tail part of spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Spine/vertebral column

A

Spinous process
Caudal articular process
Accessory process
Vertebral foramen
Body
Transverse process
Cranial articular process
Mammillary process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Hole where spinal cord passes through all the way along spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Body

A

Largest piece of bone
Between each is intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Transverse process

A

One on each side of vertebrae all the way down spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Cranial/caudal articular process

A

For attachment with next process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Cranial/caudal process

A

Forms attachment with the next process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Mamillary process

A

Muscles attach onto them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Accessory process

A

On each side
Only found in lumbar spine

69
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

Gaps between each vertabrae

70
Q

Annulus fibrous

A

Cartilage on outside of intervertebral disc

71
Q

Slip disc

A

Disc fluid can come out so bone rubs on bone

72
Q

C1 vertebrae

A

Atlas (allows head to nod)

73
Q

C2 vertabrea

A

Axis (allows rotating or shaking movement of head)

74
Q

Equine cervical number

A

7 (all species have 7)

75
Q

Equine thoracic spine

A

18 (18 ribs)

76
Q

Equine lumbar spine

A

6

77
Q

Equine sacral spine

A

5

78
Q

Equine caudal/coccygeal spine

A

15-21

79
Q

Dog/cat cervical spine

A

7

80
Q

Dog/cat thoracic spine

A

13 (13 ribs)

81
Q

Dog/cat lumbar spine

A

7

82
Q

Dog/cat sacral spine

A

3

83
Q

Dog/cat coccygeal spine

A

20-23 depends on tail length/breed/species/genetics

84
Q

Basic structure of ribs

A

The body - bony part that joins with thoracic vertebrae
Costal cartilage - lower half of the rib

85
Q

Costcochondral junction

A

Area where the bone and cartilage meet of ribs

86
Q

True ribs

A

Each individual rib attaches directly to sternum

87
Q

False ribs

A

Cartilage of multiple ribs fuse together then attaches to sternum

88
Q

Floating rib

A

Not attached to sternum only abdominal muscles

89
Q

Xiphoid process

A

3rd bone of sternum

90
Q

Costal arch

A

Bend on rib

91
Q

Manubrium

A

1st bone that makes up sternum

92
Q

Sternum

A

2nd of 3 bones that make up the sternum fully
Largest bome

93
Q

Cat/dog true ribs

A

Ribs 1-9 (9)

94
Q

Cat/dog false ribs

A

Ribs 10-12 (just 2)

95
Q

Cat/dog floating rib

A

Rib 13 (just one)
Rabbits don’t have floating rib

96
Q

Horse true ribs

A

Ribs 1- 8 (8)

97
Q

Horse false ribs

A

9-18 (8)

98
Q

Horse floating ribs

A

0 (sometimes 1) would be 19th rib even though they are meant to have 18

99
Q

Spine of scapular

A

Raised central part of bone

100
Q

Supraspinous/infraspinous fossa of scapula

A

Where muscles sit

101
Q

Acromion

A

Bottom end of spine

102
Q

Glenoid fossa

A

socket in ball and socket of shoulder joint for humerus

103
Q

Scapula girdle

A

Humerus
Clavicle (only in birds)
Sternum (keel in birds)
Scapula

104
Q

Pelvis girdle

A

Acetabulum
Ischial tuberosity
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ilium
Wing of ilium

105
Q

Acetabulum

A

Ball and socket area for femur to create hip

106
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

Part of ischium that sticks out

107
Q

Pubis symphysis

A

Joint that joins two halves of pelvis together

108
Q

Ischium

A

Bottom part of pelvis

109
Q

Pubis

A

Formed by all 3 bones found in pelvis (ischium, pubis, ilium)

110
Q

Obturator foramen

A

Hole/gap where nerves and blood vessels pass for legs

111
Q

Pelvic canal

A

Gap with pelvis surrounding
Everything exits here (kidney/reproduction/ GI)

112
Q

Ilium

A

Top part of pelvis

113
Q

Sacrum

A

Attached to ilium all attached by cartilage

114
Q

Wing of ilium

A

Highest point of hip

115
Q

Zygodactyl limb

A

Parrots feet
1st and 4th digit point caudally
2nd and 3rd point cranially

116
Q

Anisodactyl limb

A

Most birds (raptors and chickens)
1st digit point caudally
Other 3 point cranially

117
Q

Avian equivalent of the hock

A

Suffrago joint

118
Q

Birds pubic bone

A

Pelvis not fused together to allow for egg laying

119
Q

What 3 hormones control the amount of calcium present in bone

A

Parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol
Calcitonin

120
Q

Calcium present in bone

A

Moves in and out hence bones providing storage of calcium
Collagen and calcium makes up bone

121
Q

What happens when blood levels are low

A

Parathyroid hormone reabsorbs calcium from bone
Also increases gut absorption of calcium
Calcitriol does this is also

122
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

PTH from parathyroid glands

123
Q

Calcitriol

A

Produced by kidney

124
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by thyroid gland

125
Q

What happens when blood calcium increases

A

Calcitonin deposits calcium in bone

126
Q

Bone disease caused by low calcium

A

(hypocalcaemia) which causes rickets (osteomalacia) due to lack of sunlight exposure and lack of calcium

127
Q

Main cells found in bone that create bone

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

128
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Immature cells that can synthesise osteiod (the bone matrix)

129
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblaststhat have become trapped within gaps (lacunae) by the matrix they produce. Maintain bone tissue

130
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that can breakdown and remodel bone
Come from the blood and go to the bone when needed (fracture eg)

131
Q

Young animals/embryos regarding bone cells

A

High abundance of osteoids as not yet trapped and turn into osteocytes
Decrease as get older as less are required.

132
Q

Canaliculi

A

Hair like channels connecting the lacunae

133
Q

What is the matrix made up of

A

Collagen, calcium and other proteins

134
Q

Layers of osteocytes and their matrix

A

Lamellae

135
Q

What are the 2 main types of bone

A

Compact
Cancellous

136
Q

Compact bone

A

Cortical - solid and hard outer layer of bone
Compacted dense layers of lamellae
(Found in areas of high stress)

137
Q

Cancellous bones

A

Spongy - 3D internal mesh or web of bone
Found on the inside of bone top and bottom
Less strong as compact
Bone marrow in gaps

138
Q

Periosteum

A

Later of connective tissue covering external layers of both types of bone
(Similar to endosteum that lines the cavities with bone)

139
Q

Where is compact bone found

A

Areas prone to stress
Lamellar organised into dense and regular concentric circles which surround vertical hole (Haversian canal)
Entire structure known as osteon

140
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves
Volkmann canals connect Haversian canals horizontally

141
Q

Cancellous bone found where

A

Located in end of long bones and middle of short and flat bones
Lamellae arranged to form 3D network of fine columns (weaker structure)
Known as trabeculae
Produces space for bone marrow to sit and also lighten (weight)

142
Q

Medullary canal

A

Contains bone marrow (shaft of bone)

143
Q

Long bones

A

Consist of an outer cortex of bone and a central medullary cavity contains bone marrow

144
Q

Short bones

A

Only have one section and develop from one centre of ossification

145
Q

Flat bones

A

Stretch out in 2 directions as they grow

146
Q

Irregular bone

A

Variable in shape

147
Q

Pneumatic bone

A

Medullary cavity is mainly replaced by air - makes skeleton lighter

148
Q

Long bone examples

A

Humerus
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Ulna
Radius

149
Q

Short bone example

A

Tarsal
Carpal
Sesamoids

150
Q

Flat bones example

A

Bones in skull (frontal)
Scapula

151
Q

Irregular bones example

A

Vertebrae
OS penis

152
Q

Pneumatic bones example

A

Birds bones

153
Q

Flat bone structure

A

Made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone

154
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Made of vascular tissue mixed with fat and produces platelets, RBC and WBC

155
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis - central shaft
Epiphysis - end of bone
Metaphysis - area between the d and the e contains the epiphyseal growth plate

156
Q

Growth plate

A

Made of cartilage when still growing (young animals) then turned to bone once fully formed

157
Q

What are the 2 ossifications where cartilage is turned to bone

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

158
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Where cartilage turns into bone straight after birth skull needs to ossify fast as it houses the brain
No carriage template
Osteoblasts lay down bone between 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue
Grows from inside out
Eg cranial vault, maxilla/mandible and clavicle

159
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Cartilage turns to bone as they grow due to these parts moving/falling on them they want to bounce not break
Replacement of a cartilage template with bone
Starts developing in embryos
Completed when animal reaches skeletal maturity
Eg skull base, vertebrae, long bones, pelvis

160
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

161
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most abundant /most similar to bone
Does not contain calcium
Chondrocytes maintain an extracellular matrix formed by collagen

162
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Chondrocytes maintain Extracellular matrix formed by elastic
Supports areas of flexibility (ear, nasal tip)

163
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Similar to hyaline but has a higher concentration of collagen fibres
Very strong
Gives extra strength to structures
Eg tendon, ligaments and intervertebral discs

164
Q

Hyaline cartilage location

A

Forms joint surface and is the precursor to Endochondral ossification
Also supports the ribs trachea and bronchi

165
Q

Primary ossification centre

A

Appears in the diaphysis of bones
The cartilage cells on the side of the growth plate nearest the diaphysis are steadily converted to bone by osteoblasts
Osteoclasts remodel the interior if the diaphysis and create the medullary cavity

166
Q

Calcifying

A

Adding calcium

167
Q

Secondary association centre

A

Appear at the epiphysis of bone
Growth plate produces new cartilage cells on the epiphysis side of the plate elongating the bone at either end

168
Q

Closing the growth plate

A

One bone gas reached it’s final length the cartilage cells stop dividing and all cartilage is ossified (turned to bone)
End result - osteoblasts have replaced cartilage with bone

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions