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Clinical Anatomy > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the smallest unit of the body - how can they be seen

A

Cells - only be seen under microscope

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2
Q

Significance of cell structre

A

Same basic structure but can look different depending on location

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3
Q

Order of size

A

Cell - tissues - organs- organ systems - organisms

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4
Q

What are the 3 basic functions cells carry out

A

Taking in nutrients/oxygen
Excreting waste
Reproducing by division

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound structure holds DNA for the cell

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid inside cell allows substances to move throughout

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7
Q

Cell membrane

A

Allows substance in and out of the cell. Outer layer holds everything together within the cell

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8
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissue found in the body

A

Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

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9
Q

Definition of tissues

A

Similar cells found in one location

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10
Q

Function of epithelial tissue (epithelium)

A

Lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
Provides protection absorption and secretion. (The thicker it is the more protective) addition of keratin helps this (claws)

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11
Q

When is epithelial known as endothelium

A

When it covers structures such as lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels.

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12
Q

Types of epithelial tissues

A

Squamous - flattened/squashed shape
Cuboidal - square/cube shaped
Columnar - column shaped
Stratified/ compound - more than one layer
Simple - one cell thick/one layer

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13
Q

What is epithelial tissue connected to

A

Basement membrane made of collagen protein

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14
Q

Pseudostratified

A

Simple layer that appears stratified because nuclei are at different levels but is not.

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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

Areas of diffusion ( alveoli, blood/lymph vessels, glomerulus)

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16
Q

Simple squamous epithelium function

A

Allows diffusion of materials to occur and secretes lubrication

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17
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

Lining of ducts, glands and kidney tubes

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18
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

Secretes and absorbs

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19
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A

Lining of organs with an absorptive or secretory function ( GI tract)

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20
Q

Simple columnar epithelium function

A

Secrets and absorbs

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21
Q

Stratified epithelium description

A

Can be squamous (most common), cuboidal, or columnar. Multiple layers - tough can contain keratin for extra protection.

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22
Q

Stratified epithelium location

A

Areas subject to friction (oesophagus, mouth, skin epidermis)

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23
Q

Stratified epithelium function

A

Protects against abrasion

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24
Q

Pseudostratified description

A

Closely packed cells appear stratified but are all attached to basement membrane. Almost always columnar with cilia

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25
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium location

A

Along respiratory airways (bronchi)

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26
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium function

A

Protects against large dust particles, pollutants, pollen, corrosive agents and pathogens

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27
Q

What is cilia

A

Finger like protects to waft dust, mucus up to throat to cough out.

28
Q

What can epithelial cells also contain

A

Cilia - ciliated (airways)
Glands - glandular (gut)

29
Q

What is the unique type of epithelium

A

Transitional (can stretch) found in bladder, urethra and 2x uretras.

30
Q

Ciliated epithelium location

A

Line tubes / cavities where materials must be moved/trapped (respiratory tract/oviduct)

31
Q

Ciliated epithelium function

A

Beats rapidly to move/waft particles/fluid within lumen or cavity

32
Q

Transitional epithelium description

A

Type of stratified epithelium where multiple layers of cells can change shape

33
Q

Transitional epithelium location

A

Lines bladder, urethra and uterus

34
Q

Transitional epithelium function

A

Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

35
Q

Glandular epithelium description

A

Epithelium has interspersed secretory (goblet) cells

36
Q

Glandular epithelium location

A

Mucus membrane (intestine, oral cavity)

37
Q

Glandular epithelium function

A

Secrets protective sticky mucus onto membrane surface

38
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Brings about movement

39
Q

3 main types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth - involuntary
Cardiac - involuntary
Skeletal - voluntary

40
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to skeleton
Voluntary movement
Striated (internal components arranged in lines)
Large tubular cells ( much longer than other muscles so require more nuclei)
Contracts as one

41
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Lines internal organs (not heart)
Involuntary movement
Non striated
Tapered cells
Contracts in a wave - to pass food along GI tract

42
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only in heart (myocardium)
Involuntary movement
Striated
Connected by intercalated discs
Branched cells
Contracts in a wave (which is sped up due to presence of intercalated discs)

43
Q

Intercalated disc function

A

Makes impulse pass from cell to cell very quickly - found only in cardiac muscle

44
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Supports and hold all of the organs and tissue of the body in place. Provides transport system within the body - carrys nutrients to body and waste away.

Support, store energy, move

45
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Bone! Cartilage, fat, blood

46
Q

2 types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose and dense

47
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fibres contain loose open framework

48
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Fibres densely packed

49
Q

Examples of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar and adipose tissue

50
Q

Areolar function

A

Attached skin to structures underneath (pluera and peritoneum)

51
Q

What does Areolar contains

A

Elastic fibres for flexibility
Collagen fibres for strength
Reticular fibres (type of collagen) also providing strength
Nuclei
Fibroblasts to create the fibres

52
Q

Adipocytes function

A

Stores fat (lipids) and maintains connective tissue. To protect skin and organs

53
Q

3 roles of fat

A

Thermoregulation, protection, energy

54
Q

Dense regular tissue

A

Tendon - mostly collagen - strong so muscle doesn’t rip off bone. Neat rows densely packed.

55
Q

Dense elastic tissue

A

Ligament - mostly elastic - stretchy to allow range of movement

56
Q

Which ligament isn’t stretchy

A

Cruciate ligament in the knee

57
Q

Tendon connects what to what

A

Muscle to bone

58
Q

Ligaments connect what to what

A

Bone to bone

59
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Made up of many individual nerve cells (neurons)
Transmit nerve impulses from one area to another

60
Q

Neuron structures

A

Dendrons/dendrites and synaptic endings
Cell body
Nucleus
Axon hillock
Axon
Schwann cell (layers of myelin sheath)
Node of Ranvier

61
Q

Dendrons/dendrites and synaptic endings

A

Finger like projections forming connections with other nerve cells known as a synapse

62
Q

Cell body

A

Where nucleus is found and rest of organelles

63
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds DNA

64
Q

Schwann cells

A

Full of lipid to insulate the axon (myelin sheath)

65
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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