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Clinical Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the cardiac sphincter differ in rabbits and horses

A

90degree angle to stomach so can’t through up

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2
Q

Digestive enzyme produced in stomach

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

Species that don’t have a gall bladder and why

A

Horses
gall bladder produces bile to breakdown carbs but horse dont eat carbs

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4
Q

Name the 2 ducts that form the common bile duct

A

Hepatic duct and cystic duct

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5
Q

Where does common bile duct enter digestive tract

A

First merges with pancreatic duct then enters the duodenum

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6
Q

Role if Caecum

A

Breaks down fibre. All true herbivores have this

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7
Q

Where in the abdomen would you find the caecum

A

Caudal aspect of abdomen

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8
Q

Caecotroph

A

Species that eats its faeces (rabbits)
Reabsorb nutrients

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9
Q

Which vessels and organs transport blood around the body

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
The heart

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10
Q

Digestive system also known as

A

Gastrointestinal system
Extracts nutrients from our food and excretes waste

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11
Q

5 stages of digestion

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Metabolism
Excretion

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12
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into body via mouth

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13
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking food down by contracting stomach/small intestine
Mechanical = physically breakdown (teeth/mouth/stomach)

Chemical = digestive juice/acid (stomach and SI)

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14
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients pass into blood (small intestine)

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

Nutrients converted into energy (liver)
every cell in the body creates energy

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16
Q

Excretion

A

Getting rid of waste via anus, rectum, kidneys

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17
Q

3 major nutrients of food

A

Proteins
Carbohydrate
Lipids/fats

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18
Q

Proteases

A

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids

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19
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars (monosaccharides)

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20
Q

Lipases

A

Enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids (unsaturated and saturated fats)

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21
Q

Main organ parts of digestive system

A

Oral cavity (mouth)
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
SI
LI

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22
Q

Accessory glands of digestive system

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver (gall bladder)

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23
Q

Oral cavity role

A

To pick up food break it down (masticate/chew) lubricate with saliva

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24
Q

Which bones of the skull form the oral cavity

A

Mandible bone
Incisive bone
Palatine bone
Maxilla bone

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25
Q

Enamel

A

Top surface of tooth
Harder than bone

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26
Q

Crown of tooth

A

Exposed part of tooth covered in enamel for protection

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27
Q

Gingiva

A

The gums

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28
Q

Dentin

A

Surround pulp cavity softer than enamel

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29
Q

Neck

A

Part of the tooth sat under gum/gingiva line

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30
Q

Root

A

Embedded in bone

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31
Q

Cementum

A

Calcified mineralised tissue layer covering root of tooth which sits inside the gum socket

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32
Q

Pulp cavity

A

Contains blood vessels and nerves

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33
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Keeps roots in bone

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34
Q

How many teeth do dogs have

A

42
12 incisors 6 top + bottom
4 canine 2 top + bottom
16 premolars 8 top + bottom
10 molars 4 top + 6 bottom

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35
Q

Carnassial tooth in dogs

A

Upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar

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36
Q

How many teeth does cat have

A

30
12 incisors 6 top + bottom
4 canine 2 top + bottom
10 premolars 6 top + 4 bottom
4 molars 2 top + bottom

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37
Q

Cats carnassial tooth

A

Upper 3rd premolar and lower 1st molar

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38
Q

How many teeth does horse have

A

36-42 days teeth depending on age and sex
12 incisors 6 top + bottom
4 canines 2 top + bottom (males)
12 premolars 6 top + bottom
12 molars 6 top + bottom
4 Wolf teeth not always present (pointless - sit infrint of pre molars)

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39
Q

Diastema

A

Gap between incisors and premolars
Where bit sits

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40
Q

Triadan system

A

How teeth are numbered
Dental charts

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41
Q

Small mammals teeth

A

Teeth continuously grow need wearing down with diet/chewing
Hamsters and chipmunks have well developed cheek pouches to store food

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42
Q

Check pouches

A

For storing food (hamsters and chipmunks)

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43
Q

Salivary glands

A

Paired glands that produce saliva
Ducts connect the glands to the oral cavity
Saliva contains amylases (digest carbs) EXCEPT CARNIVORES

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44
Q

Dog salivary glands

A

Zygomatic glands (x2) - only found in Carnivores
Sublingual gland
Partridge gland
Madibular gland

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45
Q

Degluition (action of swallowing)

A

Food is rolled into a bolus (mush) by tongue and cheeks

Pharyngeal muscles contract pushing bolus to oesophagus

Epiglottis closes to prevent food entering larynx

Peristalsis pushed food down oesophagus

Epiglottis opens once food has passed

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46
Q

What is the peristalsis

A

A simple tube lines with smooth muscle that carries food from oral cavity to stomach by contracting in a wave like manner to push the food down

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47
Q

Where is the perostalsis

A

It lies dorsal to the heart
Passes through the thorax through the diaphragm to enter abdominal cavity

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48
Q

How long does it take food to pass to stomach

A

15-30 seconds

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49
Q

How long does it take liquids to pass into stomach

A

Couple of seconds

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50
Q

Monogastric stomach anatomy

A

Sac like organ with smooth muscle walls located in the cranial abdomen

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51
Q

Role of the stomach

A

Break up food

Mechanically - stomach muscles contract

Chemically - gastric juices secreted by glands

52
Q

Adaptations to the stomach

A

Folded walls to allow stomach to stretch when full known as rugae

Mucus and acid producing cells in the walls

53
Q

How much can the stomach expand

A

Expands to 3rd of the size of the abdomen

54
Q

Mucus membrane of the stomach

A

Folded into rugae and contains gastric pits

55
Q

3 main cell types that gastric pits contain

A

Goblet cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

56
Q

Goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to lubricate food and protect stomach wall from acid (auto digestion where stomach eats itself)

57
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Controlled by D and G cells

58
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen (precursor to the enzyme pepsin)

59
Q

D cells

A

Secrete somatostatin which inhibits acid secretion

60
Q

G cells

A

Secrete gastrin which stimulate acid secretion

61
Q

pH of HCl

A

1.5 to 3.5

62
Q

Gastric emptying times liquid and solid

A

Liquid 30mins
Solid 3 hours

63
Q

Lower oesophageal/cardiac sphincter

A

Between the oesophagus and the stomach (oesophagus enters here)
There to stop food coming back up

In horses and rabbits it’s very well developed thick muscular ring

64
Q

Fungus

A

The bulge at the top/cranial part of the stomach

65
Q

Area to the opening of the stomach

A

Cardia

66
Q

Body of stomach

A

Majority of the stomach

67
Q

Pylorus

A

Area prior to the exit of the stomach

68
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

Area prior to pylorus

69
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Exit to the stomach comes after the pylorus (very sensitive to acid so opens when stomach is full)
When detects acid on small intestine side it will close

70
Q

Margo plicatus

A

Visible line in horses stomach splitting the two sides

71
Q

Top part of horse stomach

A

Nonglandular region lined with squamous epithelium
Doesn’t secret acid or mucus so not protected and prone to autodigestion leading to gastric ulcers (open sores)
Storage area for food

72
Q

Bottom half of horses stomach

A

Glandular region lined with glandular epithelium
Secrets acid and mucus
Less prone to ulcers
Most digestion happens here

73
Q

Duodenum

A

Beginning part of intestine

74
Q

Birds digestive system components

A

Crop
Proventriculus
Ventriculus (gizzard)
Small intestine
Colon
Cloaca

75
Q

Crop

A

Enlargement/pouch of the oesophagus
Stores food
Pigeons/doves can produce crop milk for young

76
Q

2 stomach like structures of birds

A

Proventriculus (acid secreting stomach)
Ventriculus /gizzard - highly muscular (in seed eating birds) or sac like (raptors) to help grind food (stones)

77
Q

Reflux in birds

A

When food moves between the 2 stomachs

78
Q

Small intestine role

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption

79
Q

Small intestine parts

A

Duodenum - c shaped ring comes first
Jejunum - comes second
Ileum - empties into LI (first part is the caecum)

80
Q

Epithelial lining of the small intestine

A

Folded into villi structures similar to stomach folds (rugae)
Finger like projections

81
Q

What organs drain into the small intestine

A

Liver and spleen

82
Q

What is inside the villus

A

Network of capillaries
A lacteal (lymphatic vessel)

83
Q

Types of water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin B
Vitamin C
These enter the blood

84
Q

Types of fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
These enter the lymph

85
Q

What does the villus do

A

Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion

86
Q

Which products go to the liver from the villus

A

Amino acids (proteins)
Simple sugars (carbs)
enter capillaries to the hepatic portal vein

87
Q

Which products of digestion enter lymphatic system

A

Fatty acids (lipids) and fat soluble vitamins (too large to enter blood) get absorbed by the lacteal which merge with lymph the form ‘chyle’

88
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

Liver (made up of lobes)

89
Q

Where is the liver located

A

Right cranial abdomen caudal to diaphragm

90
Q

What does the liver do

A

Energy store
Carbs, protein, fat metabolism
FORMING/STORING BILE
Destroys old rbc
Stores vitamins (A,D,K) and iron
DETOXIFICATION

91
Q

What is the falciform ligament

A

Ligament running through centre of the liver is the remnants of the foetal citculation

92
Q

Gall bladder role

A

Stores bile and empties into cystic duct combining with hepatic duct to form the common bile duct emptying into SI

HORSES DONT HAVE GALL BLADDER

93
Q

Hepatic lobules

A

Hexagonal squares - cluster of cells

94
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells usually displayed in rows of

95
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Liver stores glucose as glycogen

96
Q

Protein metabolism

A

Formation of blood proteins (albumin and blood clotting proteins)
Regulating amino acids (protein building blocks)
Breaking down surplus amino acids from urea (waste product of protein metabolism

97
Q

Fat metabolism

A

Breaking down fats and making useful products such as phospholipids for cell membranes

98
Q

Forming and storing bile for digestion

A

Bile made up of Fats (including cholesterol)
Bile acids (bile salts)
bilirubin (breakdown product of rbc)

99
Q

Bile emulsification

A

Bile salts break down large fats/lipids into smaller droplets and surrounds each droplet to increase surface area for lipase enzymes

100
Q

What is the pancreas

A

An extrinsic gland (accessory gland that sits outside the normal GI tract)
A mixed gland due to 2 functions (exo and endocrine)

101
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes/ pancreatic juices into small intestine (duodenum) via pancreatic duct
This is closer hence exocrine

102
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes hormones into the blood
Target organs are further away hence endocrine

103
Q

Snakes pancreas

A

Spleen and pancreas fuse together to form splenopancreas to save space

104
Q

What are the digestive enzymes released in pancreas

A

Bicarbonate (to neutralise acidity)
Proteases (trypsin) breakdown protein
Lipases (assisted and activated by bile) breakdown fat
Amylases break down carbs

105
Q

Large intestine

A

Similar to SI but shorts in cats and dogs and wider in diameter
No villi
Produces more mucus than SI
Water soluble vitamins absorbed here (b and c)

106
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Large intestine

A

Caecum - junction between ileum ( SI) and ascending colon (found in true herbivores no funtion in cats and dogs)
Colon (larger in horses as storing large faeces)
Rectum

107
Q

Caecum

A

Full of bacteria breaking down complex carbs (fibre) from grass

108
Q

Ascending colon starting from caecum

A

Right ventral
Sternal flexure
Left ventral
Pelvic flexure (food gets stuck here due to 360 twist)
Left dorsal
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal

109
Q

Large colon parts

A

Ascending and transverse colon

110
Q

Small colon parts

A

Just the descending colon

111
Q

Small mammals digestive system

A

Rabbits are similar to horses but the tract allows rapid passage of food and elimination of fibre (short colon)

112
Q

Coprophagia guinea pigs and chinchillas

A

Eat own faeces driectly from anus to obtain nutrients produced by microbial fermentation
They eat caecotrophs (soft pellets/faeces)

113
Q

Birds digestive system

A

Short large intestine/colon
No caecum in most species (Parrots and pigeons) if it is, it is paired and elongated

114
Q

Rectum

A

Feacal storage and compose of
Water and fibre
Bacteria
Intestinal cells
Mucus
Anal sac contents
Stercobilin (product of bilirubin breakdown)

115
Q

Anus

A

Hole on outside where faces exit

116
Q

Anal sac

A

Empty very close to anus and should do so every time they defecate due to pressure from stool
Easily infected as close to outside

117
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

Smooth muscle controlled by brain (involuntary)

118
Q

External anal sphincter

A

Skeletal muscle animal controls (voluntary) and is attached to pelvis

119
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Hormones produced by groups of cells in pancreas called “islets of langerhans” in response to blood glucose levels

120
Q

What are the hormones secreted by the islets of langerhans

A

Insulin from beta cells
Glucagon from alpha cells
Somatostatin from delta cells

121
Q

Regulation of blood glucose why

A

Glucose in blood needs to remain stable
Pancreatic hormones regulate levels
Glucose released increases levels (digestion)
When we haven’t eaten levels decrease
Homeostasis can’t be too high or too low

122
Q

Somatostatin

A

Has a regulatory role inhibiting the release of glucagon and insulin
Stops wild fluctuations in blood glucose levels which could damage tissue

123
Q

Regulation of blood glucose when eating

A

Blood sugar levels are high so
Pancreas releases hormone insulin which makes the cells take up sugar from the blood
The liver stores this sugar as glycogen (inactive form of glucose)
Reduces appetite (feeling full)
GLYCONEOGENESIS -creation of glycogen

124
Q

Regulation of blood glucose between meals

A

Blood glucose is low
Pancreas releases glucagon hormone (opposite effect of insulin)
This makes the liver release stored glycogen and turns it back into glucose
Triggers hunger
GLUCONEOGENESIS - creation of glucagon

125
Q

Range of glucose blood levels

A

4mmol/L to 6mmol/L

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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