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Clinical Anatomy > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What Parts does the reproductive system share with

A

Urinary system. Combines they are referred to as the urogenital system

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2
Q

What are the important accessories to the reproductive system

A

Fluid
Hormones
Pheromones

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3
Q

What acccesory glands does a male horse contain (same for small mammals/rodents)

A

Vesicular glands (x2)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands (x2)

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4
Q

What accessory glands does a male cat contain

A

Prostate gland
Bulbouethral glands (x2)

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5
Q

What accessory glands does a male dog contain

A

Prostate gland
Bulbus glandis

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6
Q

Testes including epididymis

A

Where sperm is stored and matured

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7
Q

What to the male accessory sex glands contain and where do they sit

A

Fluid and nutrients - pelvic cavity

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8
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Pre ejaculate - lubes urethra

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9
Q

Birds accessory glands

A

Don’t have any as they breed differently (cloaca)

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10
Q

How long can sperm survive

A

Up to 5 days after entering female

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11
Q

Other names for vas deferens

A

Deferent duct
Ducts deferens

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12
Q

Bulbus glandis

A

Bulb in the Penis of dogs

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13
Q

In birds and reptiles what’s significant about the testes

A

They are internal unlike mammals which are external

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14
Q

Ampulla

A

Widening of vas deferens in front of the bladder
Only found in horses

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15
Q

Glands penis

A

End of penis that is softer to aid with insertion

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16
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin where the testes sit - pendulus (hang)

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17
Q

Rabbit scrotums

A

They have 2 separate scrotums for each tests to sit in.

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18
Q

Cryptorchid

A

Retention of testes - sat in abdomen

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19
Q

What’s within seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells

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20
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Blind corridors lined with epithelium

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21
Q

Why are the testicular artery and veins intertwined

A

After comes from aorta so passing the veins cools the blood

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22
Q

Optimum temp for sperm

A

34degrees anything higher than 38 could become tumourous

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23
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

Create sperm cells by dividing via meiosis (haploid cells)

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24
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Secrete oestrogen and nutrients to prolong sperm survival

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25
Q

Outside of the tubules

A

Leydig or interstitial cells

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26
Q

Leydig cells

A

Secrete testosterone via ISCH from the pituitary gland

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27
Q

When do testes drop/decent in different species

A

Cats/dogs = 3 months old
Horses = 30days before birth to 10days after
Rabbits = 2 months

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28
Q

Before testes drop

A

Surrounded by one layer of peritoneum

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29
Q

What do the testes travel down once leaving the abdominal cavity

A

Iguinal canal

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30
Q

After testes descent

A

Have a double layer of peritoneum

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31
Q

Cat penis

A

Barbed / penile spine - pain response sent to brain of female - cat mates - releases egg (induced ovulators)

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32
Q

Induced ovulation

A

No sex = no ovulation (cats)

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33
Q

Which birds have penis

A

Only ducks

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34
Q

How is semen transferred in birds and reptiles

A

Apposition of Cloaca ( female and male have these)

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35
Q

Birds internal testes size

A

Can increase up to 10x during breeding season

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36
Q

When is mating season in birds

A

Summer months

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37
Q

Male Snakes and lizards

A

Have 2 hemipenes at base of tail - inverted sacs only become obvious during mating

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38
Q

Male tortoise penis

A

Lies in ventral cloaca

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39
Q

Female reproductive parts

A

Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus (horns and body)
Cervix (only if they give birth to live young)
Vagina
Vulva
Labia
Clitoris

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40
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Pregnancy inside abdomen

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41
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger like projections that waft egg into oviducts

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42
Q

Infudibulum

A

Structure / horn of uterus

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43
Q

Cervix

A

Very muscular ring of smooth muscle that is contracted with a very small opening

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44
Q

Uterine body

A

Part that isn’t split (horns)

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45
Q

Cervix when pregnant

A

Seals with a mucus plug

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46
Q

Vestibule

A

Section of vagina that’s caudal to opening of urethra (found in all species)

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47
Q

Uterine horns

A

Where offspring sits
Straighter horns = multiple offspring (dogs/cats)

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48
Q

What are the 3 layers of uterus

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Mesometrium

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49
Q

Endometrium

A

Epithelial layer that thickens during pregnancy to support foetus

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50
Q

Myometrium

A

Smooth muscle that contracts during parturition (labour)

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51
Q

Mesometrium

A

Mesentery of uterus (Broad ligament)

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52
Q

Duplex uterus

A

Uterine horns
2 cervices - each open to uterine horn
No uterine body
RABBITS

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53
Q

Bipartite

A

Uterine horns
Single cervix
No uterine body
SMALL MAMMALS

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54
Q

Bicornuate

A

Uterine body
Uterine horns
Single cervix
CAT/DOG/HORSE

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55
Q

Simplex

A

Single uterine body
Single cervix
No horns
HUMANS

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56
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Messenger system - hormones are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system
Hormones target and regulate distant organs

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57
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormones are secreted into blood

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58
Q

Exocrine

A

Chemical secretions produced by glands

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59
Q

Components of endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

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60
Q

Reproductive hormones

A

Known as gonadotropins and include
ICSH
FSH
LH

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61
Q

What are the reproductive hormones release by

A

Anterior pituitary gland (front half)

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62
Q

ICSH

A

Interstitial Cell stimulating Hormone (male equivalent to LH)

63
Q

What does ICSH do

A

Stimulates testes to produce testosterone and sperm

64
Q

FSH function

A

Stimulate ovaries to develop and release eggs by going to follicle

65
Q

LH function

A

Luteinising hormone causes ovulation by rupturing follicle so egg is released

66
Q

What are the hormones produced in response to gonadotropins

A

Testosterone - from testes
Oestrogen - from ovaries
Progesterone - from ovaries

67
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Empty follicle

68
Q

More than 1 offspring

A

Multiple follicles get ready if Animals have more than 1 offspring

69
Q

If animal not pregnant

A

Progesterone drops

70
Q

Corpus luteum releases what

A

Progesterone - main hormone during pregnancy
Prepares and maintains uterine lining
Prepares mammary glands for lactation

71
Q

Canine oestrus cycle

A

Spontaneous ovulation
Mono - oestrus cycle
6 months first cycle

72
Q

Feline oestrus cycle

A

Induced ovulation
Seasonally polyoestrous (jan-sept)
5 months first cycle

73
Q

Equine oestrus cycle

A

Spontaneous ovulation
Seasonally polyoestrous (April-oct)
12-15 months first cycle

74
Q

Monoestrous definition

A

1 breeding cycle will release 1 egg every 6 months

75
Q

Seasonally polyoestrous definition

A

Brain reacts to temp and time of day (summer ish) to start cycle
Release multiple eggs every cycle
Go through a period of inactivity

76
Q

Spontaneous ovulation

A

Brain will release LH every time animal cycles

77
Q

Induced ovulation

A

Only release LH after being mated

78
Q

Canine pro-oestrus

A

Last for 9 days
Follicular development and oestrogen production
Enlarged vulva with blood stained discharge

79
Q

Canine oestrus stage

A

Last 9 days
Oestrogen at peak
LH causes ovulation at start
After ovulation progesterone is produced from corpus luteum
Enlarged Vulcan with straw/clear discharge

Can become pregnant at this stage

80
Q

Canine metoestrus stage

A

Last 90 days
Progesterone still produced (slowly drops) but no longer fertile or receptive
Vulva no longer enlarged
No discharge

81
Q

Canine anoestrus

A

3 months (up to 9)
No ovarian activity

82
Q

Feline oestrus stage

A

Last for 4-10 days
Oestrogen at peak
Ovary ready to release egg
Queen will roll, rub, lordis, call, urinate more
Receptive to males

83
Q

Lordis

A

Rump I’m air with tail to side

84
Q

Feline Dioestrus

A

Last for 14 days if not mated
Normal behaviour
Mature follicle will reduce if no pregnancy
FSH causes new follicles to develop
Oestrogen starts to be produced by follicles

85
Q

Oestrus and dioestrus

A

Alternate releasing egg between jan - sept

86
Q

Feline anoestrus

A

Last for 4 months (sept to jan)
No ovarian activity

87
Q

Equine oestrus stage

A

Oestrus lasts for 3-5days
Oestrogen at peak
Ovary ready to release egg
Mare will raise tail, hind legs apart, squirt, urinate more, winking
Ovulation occurs towards end of phase

88
Q

Winking

A

Rhythmically contract vulva to expose clitoris

89
Q

Equine dioestrus

A

Last for 14-16 days
Normal behaviour
Mature follicle size will reduce if no pregnancy
FSH causes new follicles to develop
oestrogen starts to be produced by follicles

90
Q

Equine oestrus and dioestrus

A

Cycle Between the 2 between April - October

91
Q

Equine Anoestrus stage

A

Last for 7 months (oct-April)
No ovarian cycle

92
Q

Ferrets

A

Seasonally polyoestrous (march and august)
Induced ovulators
Die if don’t mate (high levels of oestrogen can kill them)

93
Q

Rabbits

A

Induced ovulators
No true oestrus cycles
Cycle as and when very often
Go through all hormonal changes

94
Q

Rats and mice

A

Non seasonally polyoestrous
Continually cycle

95
Q

Hamster and gerbils

A

seasonally polyoestrous
Spontaneous ovulators

96
Q

Oviparous

A

Give birth to eggs

97
Q

Viviparous

A

Birth to live young

98
Q

Multiparous

A

More than one offspring

99
Q

Uniparous

A

One offspring

100
Q

Oviviviparous

A

Egg inside hatches to give birth to live

101
Q

Tortoises

A

Oviparous - can produce eggs twice a year
Females have longer hindlimb claws than males (digging holes to bury eggs)

102
Q

Lizards geckos and chameleons

A

Can be oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous but young are born outside the egg not internally

103
Q

Geckos

A

Temp at which eggs are incubated determines the sex
Higher temp = males

104
Q

Snakes

A

Oviparous (pythons) or viviparous (boa constrictor)

105
Q

Birds

A

Oviparous

106
Q

External anatomy of mammary glands

A

Mammary gland
Teat

107
Q

Internal anatomy of mammary glands

A

Glandular/secretory tissue
Gland cistern/sinus
Teat cistern/sinus
Teat canal
Teat orifice

108
Q

Number of mammary glands depends on number of offspring

A

Bitch 5 pairs
Queen 4 pairs
Horse 1 pair

(Double the amount they need)

109
Q

Glandular/secretory tissue

A

Where mastitis occurs
Similar to lungs with alveoli
Smooth muscle pushes down milk
Epithelial cells specialise into fat sugars and proteins

110
Q

Gland cistern/sinus

A

Where milks drains into

111
Q

Teat cistern/ sinus

A

Space in teat

112
Q

Teat canal

A

Narrow tube to teat orifice (exit of teat)

113
Q

Lactation is influenced by what 3 hormones

A

Progesterone
Prolactin
Oxytocin

114
Q

What is progesterone released by

A

Corpus luteum

115
Q

Prolactin

A

Produces milk in last 3rd of pregnancy
Released by pituitary gland

116
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes contraction of smooth muscle of uterus and myoepithelial cells during actual birth
Allows let down of milk
into gland cistern

117
Q

Canine mating

A

Coitus into tied
Tied can be 10 to 30mins
Painful
Copulatory lock due to Bulbus glandis
Can damage penis
Don’t seperate

118
Q

Male and female donkey

A

Jack and Jenny

119
Q

Male and female cat

A

Tomcat and queen

120
Q

Male and female ferret

A

Hob and Jill

121
Q

Name of ferret/rabbit offspring

A

Kit(ten)

122
Q

Name of Guinea pig offspring

A

Pup

123
Q

Specialised germ cells

A

Spermatozoa (sperm)
Ova (egg)
Haploid cells (half number of chromosomes)

124
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell made by the fusion of sperm and egg within fallopian tube

125
Q

Embryo

A

Zygote undergoes cell division to form the embryo

126
Q

Blastiocyte

A

Very early embryo
Implanted into lining of uterus

127
Q

Time line of baby

A

Fertilisation
Zygote
Blastiocyte
Embryo
Foetus

128
Q

Foetus

A

An implanted embryo into uterus wall
2 weeks in cat/dog
40 days in horse
Develops during gestation period

129
Q

Gestation period

A

Larger the animal the longer the gestation

130
Q

Gestation for dogs/cats

A

63days

131
Q

Gestation for horses

A

330days

132
Q

Gestation for rabbits

A

31days

133
Q

Gestation I’m ferrets

A

41days

134
Q

Gestation in rats

A

21-23 days

135
Q

Gestation in mice

A

19-21 days

136
Q

Gestation in hamsters/gerbils

A

15-18 days

137
Q

Genetic makeup in horses and donkeys

A

Horse = 64 chromosomes
Donkey = 62 chromosomes

138
Q

Mule

A

Female horse
Male donkey
63 chromosomes

139
Q

Hinny

A

Female donkey
Male horse
63 chromosomes

140
Q

Donkey/horse hybrids

A

Odd number of chromosomes means they are sterile (can’t reproduce)

141
Q

Placenta

A

Delivers nutrients/oxygen via umbilical vein to foetus from mother
removes waste products via umbilical artery

142
Q

How is foetus attached to placenta

A

Umbilical cord

143
Q

2 different types of placenta

A

Zonary - partially covers feotues (dog)
Diffuse - fully covers foetus (horse)

144
Q

Parturition

A

Giving birth

145
Q

Stage 1 of birth

A

Foetus sends stress hormones to mother (cortisol)
Corpus luteum stops releasing progesterone
Vulva enlarges
Cervical dilation caused by oxytocin - mild contractions then cervix relaxes

146
Q

Stage 2 of birth

A

Delivery of foetus
High levels of oxytocin
Stony contractions
Rupturing of amniotic sack (water bag) green is normal
Leg and face first
Born in half an hour of each other

147
Q

Stage 3 of birth

A

Expulsion of placenta
No more than 30mins after foetus

If it’s a litter - pass between stage 2 and 3 no more than 2 hours between foetus

148
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Don’t want it to come out whole without placenta
Means foetus is not connected to oxygen source

149
Q

Which blood vessels is the main supply of blood to the ovary

A

Ovarian artery

150
Q

Which urinary structure lies central to the uterus in the body

A

Bladder

151
Q

Which point along the female reproductive tract would you spay

A

Uterine body
Cranial to cervix

152
Q

How does urethral opening differ between humans and animals

A

Urethral opening is higher up in animals than humans

153
Q

Which structure attached to the testicles will straighten out to become the vas deferens

A

Epididymus

154
Q

Where does vas deferens transport sperm to

A

Urethra

Clinical Anatomy (16 decks)

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