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Medical Terminology > Respiratory 11 > Flashcards

Respiratory 11 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nose

A

anatomic structure at the entrance to the respiratory system that conducts, warms, humidifies, and clean inhaled air

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2
Q

nasal cavity

A

the space on either side of the nasal septum extending from the nares (nostrils) to the pharynx

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3
Q

nasal septum

A

dividing wall between the right and left nasal cavities

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4
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

paired air-filled cavities in the bones of the face that connected to the nasal cavity; these include the frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, and ethmoidal sinuses

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5
Q

pharynx

A

throat; space between the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx; made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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6
Q

adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsil located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx that enlarges during childhood and shrinks during puberty

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7
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic structures including the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil

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8
Q

cilia

A

fine hair-like projections lining the mucous membranes

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9
Q

larynx

A

air passageway located between the pharynx and the trachea that holds the vocal cords; voice box

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10
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of cartilage that covers the upper region of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food or other matter from entering the lungs

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11
Q

glottis

A

part of the larynx consisting of the vocal folds (vocal cords) and the slit-like opening between the folds

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12
Q

trachea

A

air passage extending from the larynx into the thorax; windpipe

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13
Q

bronchi

A

two main branches (left bronchus and right bronchus) off the trachea that convey air to and from the lungs

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14
Q

carina

A

cartilaginous ridge at the point where the trachea divides into the two (right and left) bronchi

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15
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the lungs and blood

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16
Q

bronchioles

A

finer subdivisions of the bronchi located in the lungs

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17
Q

lungs

A

paired organs of breathing in which blood is aerated

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18
Q

lobes

A

subdivisions of the lungs: there are three on the right (upper, middle, and lower) and two on the left (upper and lower)

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19
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the walls of the pulmonary (lung) cavities

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20
Q

parietal layer

A

outer layer of the pleura that attaches to the chest wall; parietal pleura

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21
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the layers of the pleura

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22
Q

visceral layer

A

inner layer of the pleura that attaches to the lungs; visceral pleura

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23
Q

thorax

A

chest; upper trunk between the neck and abdomen; formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs, extending to the diaphragm

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24
Q

diaphragm

A

muscular partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities; the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causes inspiration and expiration

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25
Q

mediastinum

A

area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

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26
Q

airway

A

any part of the respiratory tract through which air passes during breathing

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26
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing

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27
Q

expiration;

A

exhalation; process of breathing out

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28
Q

external respiration; breathing

A

exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs

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29
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation; process of breathing in

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30
Q

internal respiration

A

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues; tissue respiration

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31
Q

patent

A

open or unobstructed

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32
Q

respiration

A

the process involving the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and body cells; breathing or pulmonary ventilation

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33
Q

sputum

A

mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up (expectorated) from the respiratory tract; phlegm

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34
Q

ventilation

A

movement of gases into and out of the lungs; respiration

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35
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoid

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36
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus

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37
Q

aspir/o

A

to breath in or suck in

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38
Q

atel/o

A

incomplete

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39
Q

ausculat/o

A

listening

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40
Q

bronchi/o, bronch/o

A

bronchus (windpipe)

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41
Q

capn/o, capn/i

A

carbon dioxide

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42
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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43
Q

diaphragmat/o

A

diaphragm

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44
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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45
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

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46
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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47
Q

mediastin/o

A

mediastinum (middle septum)

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48
Q

muc/o

A

mucus

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49
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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50
Q

ox/o, ox/a

A

oxygen

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51
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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52
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx (throat)

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53
Q

phon/o

A

sound, voice

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54
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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55
Q

pleur/o

A

rib, side, pleura (lung)

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56
Q

pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o

A

lung, air

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57
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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58
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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59
Q

sept/o

A

septum, thin wall

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60
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus, hallow space

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61
Q

spir/o

A

breathe

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62
Q

thorac/o

A

thorax, chest

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63
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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64
Q

trache/o

A

trachea

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65
Q

a-, an-

A

without, not

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66
Q

dys-

A

painful, difficult, abnormal

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67
Q

em-

A

in

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68
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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69
Q

hypo-

A

below, deficient

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70
Q

in-

A

not

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71
Q

pan-

A

all, entire

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72
Q

per-

A

through

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73
Q

tachy-

A

rapid, fast

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74
Q

-algia

A

pain

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75
Q

-al, -ar, -ary, -ic

A

pertaining to

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76
Q

-cele

A

herniation, protrusion

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77
Q

-centesis

A

puncture to aspirate

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78
Q

-ectasis

A

dilation, stretching

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79
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

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80
Q

-emia

A

blood (condition of)

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81
Q

-graphy

A

a writing, description

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82
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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83
Q

-metry

A

measurement of

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84
Q

-phonia

A

condition of the voice

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85
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair, reconstruction

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86
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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87
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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88
Q

-rrhagia

A

flowing forth

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89
Q

-rrhea

A

flow, discharge

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90
Q

-scopy

A

process of examining, examination

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91
Q

-spasm

A

involuntary movement

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92
Q

-stomy

A

artificial or surgical opening

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93
Q

-tomy

A

incision (a cutting operation)

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94
Q

alveolar

A

pertaining to the alveoli

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95
Q

anoxic

A

pertaining to the absence of oxygen

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96
Q

apneic

A

pertaining to or suffering from apnea

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97
Q

bronchial

A

pertaining to the bronchus

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98
Q

diaphragmatic

A

pertaining to the diaphragm

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99
Q

endotracheal

A

pertaining to within the trachea

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100
Q

hypoxic

A

pertaining to a low level of oxygen

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101
Q

intercostal

A

pertaining to the area between the ribs

102
Q

laryngeal

A

pertaining to the larynx

103
Q

lobar

A

pertaining to any lobe of the lungs

104
Q

mediastinal

A

pertaining to the mediastinum

105
Q

mucous

A

pertaining to mucus or a mucous membrane

106
Q

nasal

A

pertaining to the nose

107
Q

pectoral

A

pertaining to the chest

108
Q

pharyngeal

A

pertaining to the pharynx

109
Q

phrenic

A

pertaining to the diaphragm

110
Q

pleural

A

pertaining to the pleura

111
Q

pleuritic

A

pertaining to pleurisy

112
Q

pulmonary

A

pertaining to the lungs

113
Q

respiratory

A

pertaining to respiration

114
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the thorax (chest)

115
Q

tonsillar

A

pertaining to the tonsil

116
Q

tracheal

A

pertaining to the trachea

117
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

respiratory failure that can occur with underlying illnesses or injury

118
Q

aphonia

A

loss of the voice as a result of disease or injury to the larynx

119
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

120
Q

asthma

A

chronic severe breathing disorder characterized by attacks of wheezing due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways

121
Q

atelectasis

A

decrease or loss of air in the lung, causing loss of lung volume and possible lung collapse

122
Q

bronchiectasis

A

an irreversible widening of portions of the bronchi resulting from damage to the airway wall

123
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

124
Q

bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP)

A

non-infectious pneumonia characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles and surrounding lung tissue

125
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

general term used for disorders with permanent or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed

126
Q

Cheyne-Strokes respiration

A

respiratory pattern that involves alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing

127
Q

croup

A

acute obstruction of the upper airway in infants and children characterized by a barking cough with difficult and noisy respiration

128
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

inherited disorder characterized by the production of thick mucus that blocks the internal passages, including the bronchi and lungs, often resulting in respiratory infection

129
Q

diaphragmatocele

A

hernia (abnormal protrusion) of the diaphragm

130
Q

dysphonia

A

altered voice production; difficulty speaking due to vocal cord disorder

131
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

132
Q

emphysema

A

chronic lung disorder characterized by enlarged alveoli (air sacs)

133
Q

empyema

A

localized collection of pus in the thoracic cavity resulting from an infection in the lungs

134
Q

epistaxis

A

bleeding from the nose

135
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the pleural cavity

136
Q

hypoxemia

A

decreased level of oxygen in the blood

137
Q

hypoxia

A

decreased level of oxygen in the tissues

138
Q

influenza; flu

A

an acute contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses

139
Q

interstitial lung disease (ILD); pulmonary fibrosis

A

a group of chronic lung disorders affecting the tissue between the air sacs of the lungs causing irreversible inflammation and fibrosis (scarring)

140
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

141
Q

laryngospasm

A

involuntary movement of the larynx

142
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

inflammation of the nasal cavity and pharynx

143
Q

orthopnea

A

discomfort in breathing that is brought on or aggravated by lying flat

144
Q

pansinusitis

A

inflammation of all sinuses

145
Q

pertussis; whooping cough

A

an acute infectious inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis

146
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

147
Q

pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid or blood in the pleural space around the lung

148
Q

pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura

149
Q

pneumonia

A

bacterial infection and inflammation within the lobes of the lungs

150
Q

bacterial pneumonia

A

pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection

151
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

infection of the smaller bronchial tubes of the lungs

152
Q

lobar pneumonia

A

pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung, often due to bacterial infection, such as infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae

153
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia

A

form of pneumonia caused by the bacterial species Streptococcus pneumoniae

154
Q

pneumonitis

A

inflammation of the lungs

155
Q

pneumothorax

A

the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity causing collapse of the lung

156
Q

pulmonary edema

A

buildup of fluid in the lungs

157
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot

158
Q

rales

A

crackling or bubbling lung noises heard on inspiration that indicate fibrosis or fluid in the alveoli

159
Q

reactive airway disease (RAD)

A

respiratory condition characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB), and coughing after exposure to an irritant

160
Q

respiratory failure (RF)

A

condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low and/or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high

161
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membranes within the nasal cavity

162
Q

rhonchi

A

abnormal whistling, humming, or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration

163
Q

rubs

A

friction sounds in the lungs caused by inflammation of the pleura

164
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the sinus

165
Q

stridor

A

a whistling sound heard on inspiration that indicates partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx

166
Q

tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid breathing

167
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation of one or both tonsils

168
Q

tracheitis

A

inflammation of the trachea

169
Q

tracheorrhagia

A

bleeding from the lining of the trachea

170
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that attacks the lungs and is spread through the air from one person to another

171
Q

upper respiratory infection (URI)

A

acute infection involving the nose, sinuses, or pharynx; cold

172
Q

wheeze

A

whistling or squeaking breath sound made as a result of airway obstruction

173
Q

acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear

A

clinical test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis

174
Q

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

A

test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases present

175
Q

purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test

A

skin test used to determine whether the patient has developed an immune response to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis

176
Q

chest radiograph (CXR)

A

radiographic image (x-ray) of chest used to evaluate the lungs and the heart

177
Q

computed tomography (CT) scan

A

x-ray technique producing computer-generated cross-scetional images

178
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose lung disorders

179
Q

radiography

A

examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays, with the record of the finding exposed onto photographic film

180
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

A

test used to assess distribution of blood flow and ventilation through both lungs; V=ventilation: the air that reaches the alveoli, and Q=perfusion: the blood the reaches the alveoli

181
Q

auscultation

A

physical examination method of listening to body sounds using a stethoscope

182
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

A

procedure performed during bronchoscopy to collect cells of the alveoli; saline solution is instilled into distal bronchi, that solution is then withdrawn along the alveolar cells

183
Q

bronchoscopy

A

examination of the trachea and bronchial tree through a bronchoscope

184
Q

endoscopy

A

examination of the interior of the body by means of a special instrument called an endoscope

185
Q

laryngoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the larynx

186
Q

nasopharyngoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the nasal passages and the pharynx

187
Q

peak flow monitoring

A

test that measures the rate of air flow, or how fast air is able to pass through the airways

188
Q

percussion

A

physical examination method of tapping over the body the elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest

189
Q

pharyngoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the pharynx

190
Q

polysomnography

A

monitoring and recording normal and abnormal activity during sleep, including neural and respiratory functions

191
Q

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

group of tests performed to measure breathing; used to determine respiratory function or abnormalities; useful in distinguishing chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases from asthma

192
Q

pulse oximetry

A

measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood

193
Q

rhinoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity

194
Q

spirometry

A

procedure for measuring air flow and volume or air inspired and expired by the lungs using a device called a spirometer

195
Q

thoracoscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the thorax done through a small opening in the chest wall

196
Q

video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)

A

thoracic surgery performed using endoscopic cameras, optical systems, and displays screens, as well as specially designed surgical instruments, which enables surgeons to view the inside of the chest cavity and remove tissue to test for disease

197
Q

adenoidectomy

A

operation to remove adenoid tissue from the nasopharynx

198
Q

aspiration

A

removal of accumulated fluid by suction

199
Q

bronchoplasty

A

surgical repair of the bronchus

200
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

medical procedure to ventilate the lungs and artificially circulate the blood if a patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped

201
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy

A

breathing apparatus the pumps constant pressurized air through the nasal passages via a mask to keep the airway patent (open)

202
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

medical procedure in which a tube is passed through the mouth into the trachea to maintain the airway during anesthesia or to establish an airway for breathing purposes

203
Q

hyperbaric medicine

A

medicinal use of high barometric pressure, usually in specially constructed chambers, to increase oxygen content of blood and tissues

204
Q

incentive spirometry

A

medical procedure to encourage patients to breathe deeply by using a portable plastic device called a spirometer that gives visual feedback as the patient inhales forcefully

205
Q

laryngectomy

A

excision of the larynyx

206
Q

laryngotracheotomy

A

incision into the larynx and trachea

207
Q

lobectomy

A

excision of a lobe (of the lung)

208
Q

mechanical ventilation

A

use of an automatic mechanical device to perform all or part of the work of breathing

209
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of an entire lung

210
Q

rhinoplasty

A

surgical repair of the nose

211
Q

septoplasty

A

surgical repair of the (nasal) septum

212
Q

sinusotomy

A

surgical operation in which an incision is made into a sinus to prevent or reduce inflammation

213
Q

thoracentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity

214
Q

thoracotomy

A

incision through the chest wall

215
Q

tonsillectomy

A

surgical removal of the tonsil(s)

216
Q

tracheoplasty

A

surgical repair of the trachea

217
Q

tracheostomy; tracheotomy

A

an operation to make an opening into the trachea

218
Q

tracheostomy tube

A

breathing tube inserted into a tracheotomy

219
Q

antibiotic

A

drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

220
Q

antihistamine

A

drug used to stop the effects of histamine in the respiratory tract

221
Q

antitubercular drug

A

antibiotic used in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis; used to lower the risk of getting tuberculosis in people who may be exposed to the disease

222
Q

antitussive

A

drug used to prevent or relive a cough

223
Q

bronchodilator

A

drug that dilates the bronchial tube, allowing air to pass through and relieving breathing difficulties

224
Q

corticosteroid

A

drug that reduces bronchial inflammation and airway obstruction and thereby improves lung function

225
Q

decongestant

A

drug that relieves congestion by reducing tissue swelling in the nasal passage and blood vessels

226
Q

expectorant

A

drug that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea to be coughed up and out; also helps to lubricate the irritated respiratory tract

227
Q

nebulizer; atomizer

A

device for administering a drug by spraying a fine mist into the nose

228
Q

otorhinolaryngology

A

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (pharynx and larynx)

229
Q

pulmonology

A

medical specialty concerned with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract

230
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas

231
Q

AFB

A

acid-fast bacilli

232
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

233
Q

BAL

A

bronchoalveolar lavage

234
Q

BOOP

A

bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia

235
Q

CF

A

cystic fibrosis

236
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

237
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

238
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

239
Q

CT

A

computed tomography (scan)

240
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray

241
Q

ILD

A

interstitial lung disease

242
Q

INH

A

isoniazid; isonicotinic acid hydrazide

243
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

244
Q

PFTs

A

pulmonary function tests

245
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivative

246
Q

RAD

A

reactivity airway disease

247
Q

RF

A

respiratory failure

248
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

249
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

250
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

251
Q

V/Q

A

ventilation-perfusion (scan)

252
Q

VATS

A

video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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