Respiratory 11 Flashcards
nose
anatomic structure at the entrance to the respiratory system that conducts, warms, humidifies, and clean inhaled air
nasal cavity
the space on either side of the nasal septum extending from the nares (nostrils) to the pharynx
nasal septum
dividing wall between the right and left nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
paired air-filled cavities in the bones of the face that connected to the nasal cavity; these include the frontal, sphenoidal, maxillary, and ethmoidal sinuses
pharynx
throat; space between the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx; made up of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
adenoids
pharyngeal tonsil located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx that enlarges during childhood and shrinks during puberty
tonsils
lymphatic structures including the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil
cilia
fine hair-like projections lining the mucous membranes
larynx
air passageway located between the pharynx and the trachea that holds the vocal cords; voice box
epiglottis
flap of cartilage that covers the upper region of the larynx during swallowing to prevent food or other matter from entering the lungs
glottis
part of the larynx consisting of the vocal folds (vocal cords) and the slit-like opening between the folds
trachea
air passage extending from the larynx into the thorax; windpipe
bronchi
two main branches (left bronchus and right bronchus) off the trachea that convey air to and from the lungs
carina
cartilaginous ridge at the point where the trachea divides into the two (right and left) bronchi
alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs between the lungs and blood
bronchioles
finer subdivisions of the bronchi located in the lungs
lungs
paired organs of breathing in which blood is aerated
lobes
subdivisions of the lungs: there are three on the right (upper, middle, and lower) and two on the left (upper and lower)
pleura
serous membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the walls of the pulmonary (lung) cavities
parietal layer
outer layer of the pleura that attaches to the chest wall; parietal pleura
pleural cavity
space between the layers of the pleura
visceral layer
inner layer of the pleura that attaches to the lungs; visceral pleura
thorax
chest; upper trunk between the neck and abdomen; formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs, extending to the diaphragm
diaphragm
muscular partition between the abdominal and thoracic cavities; the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causes inspiration and expiration
mediastinum
area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus
airway
any part of the respiratory tract through which air passes during breathing
eupnea
normal breathing
expiration;
exhalation; process of breathing out
external respiration; breathing
exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the lungs
inspiration
inhalation; process of breathing in
internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues; tissue respiration
patent
open or unobstructed
respiration
the process involving the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and body cells; breathing or pulmonary ventilation
sputum
mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up (expectorated) from the respiratory tract; phlegm
ventilation
movement of gases into and out of the lungs; respiration
adenoid/o
adenoid
alveol/o
alveolus
aspir/o
to breath in or suck in
atel/o
incomplete
ausculat/o
listening
bronchi/o, bronch/o
bronchus (windpipe)
capn/o, capn/i
carbon dioxide
cost/o
rib
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
lob/o
lobe
mediastin/o
mediastinum (middle septum)
muc/o
mucus
nas/o
nose
ox/o, ox/a
oxygen
pector/o
chest
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
phon/o
sound, voice
phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
rib, side, pleura (lung)
pneum/o, pneumat/o, pneumon/o
lung, air
pulmon/o
lung
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum, thin wall
sinus/o
sinus, hallow space
spir/o
breathe
thorac/o
thorax, chest
tonsill/o
tonsil
trache/o
trachea
a-, an-
without, not
dys-
painful, difficult, abnormal
em-
in
eu-
good, normal
hypo-
below, deficient
in-
not
pan-
all, entire
per-
through
tachy-
rapid, fast
-algia
pain
-al, -ar, -ary, -ic
pertaining to
-cele
herniation, protrusion
-centesis
puncture to aspirate
-ectasis
dilation, stretching
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-emia
blood (condition of)
-graphy
a writing, description
-itis
inflammation
-metry
measurement of
-phonia
condition of the voice
-plasty
surgical repair, reconstruction
-plegia
paralysis
-pnea
breathing
-rrhagia
flowing forth
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
process of examining, examination
-spasm
involuntary movement
-stomy
artificial or surgical opening
-tomy
incision (a cutting operation)
alveolar
pertaining to the alveoli
anoxic
pertaining to the absence of oxygen
apneic
pertaining to or suffering from apnea
bronchial
pertaining to the bronchus
diaphragmatic
pertaining to the diaphragm
endotracheal
pertaining to within the trachea
hypoxic
pertaining to a low level of oxygen
intercostal
pertaining to the area between the ribs
laryngeal
pertaining to the larynx
lobar
pertaining to any lobe of the lungs
mediastinal
pertaining to the mediastinum
mucous
pertaining to mucus or a mucous membrane
nasal
pertaining to the nose
pectoral
pertaining to the chest
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx
phrenic
pertaining to the diaphragm
pleural
pertaining to the pleura
pleuritic
pertaining to pleurisy
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs
respiratory
pertaining to respiration
thoracic
pertaining to the thorax (chest)
tonsillar
pertaining to the tonsil
tracheal
pertaining to the trachea
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
respiratory failure that can occur with underlying illnesses or injury
aphonia
loss of the voice as a result of disease or injury to the larynx
apnea
absence of breathing
asthma
chronic severe breathing disorder characterized by attacks of wheezing due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways
atelectasis
decrease or loss of air in the lung, causing loss of lung volume and possible lung collapse
bronchiectasis
an irreversible widening of portions of the bronchi resulting from damage to the airway wall
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
non-infectious pneumonia characterized by inflammation of the bronchioles and surrounding lung tissue
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
general term used for disorders with permanent or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed
Cheyne-Strokes respiration
respiratory pattern that involves alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing
croup
acute obstruction of the upper airway in infants and children characterized by a barking cough with difficult and noisy respiration
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disorder characterized by the production of thick mucus that blocks the internal passages, including the bronchi and lungs, often resulting in respiratory infection
diaphragmatocele
hernia (abnormal protrusion) of the diaphragm
dysphonia
altered voice production; difficulty speaking due to vocal cord disorder
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
emphysema
chronic lung disorder characterized by enlarged alveoli (air sacs)
empyema
localized collection of pus in the thoracic cavity resulting from an infection in the lungs
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
hypoxemia
decreased level of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
decreased level of oxygen in the tissues
influenza; flu
an acute contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses
interstitial lung disease (ILD); pulmonary fibrosis
a group of chronic lung disorders affecting the tissue between the air sacs of the lungs causing irreversible inflammation and fibrosis (scarring)
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngospasm
involuntary movement of the larynx
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the nasal cavity and pharynx
orthopnea
discomfort in breathing that is brought on or aggravated by lying flat
pansinusitis
inflammation of all sinuses
pertussis; whooping cough
an acute infectious inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pleural effusion
collection of fluid or blood in the pleural space around the lung
pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
pneumonia
bacterial infection and inflammation within the lobes of the lungs
bacterial pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a bacterial infection
bronchopneumonia
infection of the smaller bronchial tubes of the lungs
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung, often due to bacterial infection, such as infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumococcal pneumonia
form of pneumonia caused by the bacterial species Streptococcus pneumoniae
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lungs
pneumothorax
the presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity causing collapse of the lung
pulmonary edema
buildup of fluid in the lungs
pulmonary embolism
obstruction of the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot
rales
crackling or bubbling lung noises heard on inspiration that indicate fibrosis or fluid in the alveoli
reactive airway disease (RAD)
respiratory condition characterized by wheezing, shortness of breath (SOB), and coughing after exposure to an irritant
respiratory failure (RF)
condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low and/or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high
rhinitis
inflammation of the mucous membranes within the nasal cavity
rhonchi
abnormal whistling, humming, or snoring sounds heard during inspiration or expiration
rubs
friction sounds in the lungs caused by inflammation of the pleura
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinus
stridor
a whistling sound heard on inspiration that indicates partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
tachypnea
abnormally rapid breathing
tonsillitis
inflammation of one or both tonsils
tracheitis
inflammation of the trachea
tracheorrhagia
bleeding from the lining of the trachea
tuberculosis (TB)
infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterium that attacks the lungs and is spread through the air from one person to another
upper respiratory infection (URI)
acute infection involving the nose, sinuses, or pharynx; cold
wheeze
whistling or squeaking breath sound made as a result of airway obstruction
acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear
clinical test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, the bacteria that cause tuberculosis
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases present
purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test
skin test used to determine whether the patient has developed an immune response to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis
chest radiograph (CXR)
radiographic image (x-ray) of chest used to evaluate the lungs and the heart
computed tomography (CT) scan
x-ray technique producing computer-generated cross-scetional images
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose lung disorders
radiography
examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of x-rays, with the record of the finding exposed onto photographic film
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
test used to assess distribution of blood flow and ventilation through both lungs; V=ventilation: the air that reaches the alveoli, and Q=perfusion: the blood the reaches the alveoli
auscultation
physical examination method of listening to body sounds using a stethoscope
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
procedure performed during bronchoscopy to collect cells of the alveoli; saline solution is instilled into distal bronchi, that solution is then withdrawn along the alveolar cells
bronchoscopy
examination of the trachea and bronchial tree through a bronchoscope
endoscopy
examination of the interior of the body by means of a special instrument called an endoscope
laryngoscopy
endoscopic examination of the larynx
nasopharyngoscopy
endoscopic examination of the nasal passages and the pharynx
peak flow monitoring
test that measures the rate of air flow, or how fast air is able to pass through the airways
percussion
physical examination method of tapping over the body the elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity, such as the chest
pharyngoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pharynx
polysomnography
monitoring and recording normal and abnormal activity during sleep, including neural and respiratory functions
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
group of tests performed to measure breathing; used to determine respiratory function or abnormalities; useful in distinguishing chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases from asthma
pulse oximetry
measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood
rhinoscopy
endoscopic examination of the nasal cavity
spirometry
procedure for measuring air flow and volume or air inspired and expired by the lungs using a device called a spirometer
thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the thorax done through a small opening in the chest wall
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS)
thoracic surgery performed using endoscopic cameras, optical systems, and displays screens, as well as specially designed surgical instruments, which enables surgeons to view the inside of the chest cavity and remove tissue to test for disease
adenoidectomy
operation to remove adenoid tissue from the nasopharynx
aspiration
removal of accumulated fluid by suction
bronchoplasty
surgical repair of the bronchus
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
medical procedure to ventilate the lungs and artificially circulate the blood if a patient has stopped breathing and the heart has stopped
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
breathing apparatus the pumps constant pressurized air through the nasal passages via a mask to keep the airway patent (open)
endotracheal intubation
medical procedure in which a tube is passed through the mouth into the trachea to maintain the airway during anesthesia or to establish an airway for breathing purposes
hyperbaric medicine
medicinal use of high barometric pressure, usually in specially constructed chambers, to increase oxygen content of blood and tissues
incentive spirometry
medical procedure to encourage patients to breathe deeply by using a portable plastic device called a spirometer that gives visual feedback as the patient inhales forcefully
laryngectomy
excision of the larynyx
laryngotracheotomy
incision into the larynx and trachea
lobectomy
excision of a lobe (of the lung)
mechanical ventilation
use of an automatic mechanical device to perform all or part of the work of breathing
pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
septoplasty
surgical repair of the (nasal) septum
sinusotomy
surgical operation in which an incision is made into a sinus to prevent or reduce inflammation
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity
thoracotomy
incision through the chest wall
tonsillectomy
surgical removal of the tonsil(s)
tracheoplasty
surgical repair of the trachea
tracheostomy; tracheotomy
an operation to make an opening into the trachea
tracheostomy tube
breathing tube inserted into a tracheotomy
antibiotic
drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
antihistamine
drug used to stop the effects of histamine in the respiratory tract
antitubercular drug
antibiotic used in the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis; used to lower the risk of getting tuberculosis in people who may be exposed to the disease
antitussive
drug used to prevent or relive a cough
bronchodilator
drug that dilates the bronchial tube, allowing air to pass through and relieving breathing difficulties
corticosteroid
drug that reduces bronchial inflammation and airway obstruction and thereby improves lung function
decongestant
drug that relieves congestion by reducing tissue swelling in the nasal passage and blood vessels
expectorant
drug that helps bring up mucus and other material from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea to be coughed up and out; also helps to lubricate the irritated respiratory tract
nebulizer; atomizer
device for administering a drug by spraying a fine mist into the nose
otorhinolaryngology
medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (pharynx and larynx)
pulmonology
medical specialty concerned with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
ABG
arterial blood gas
AFB
acid-fast bacilli
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
BAL
bronchoalveolar lavage
BOOP
bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia
CF
cystic fibrosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CT
computed tomography (scan)
CXR
chest x-ray
ILD
interstitial lung disease
INH
isoniazid; isonicotinic acid hydrazide
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
PPD
purified protein derivative
RAD
reactivity airway disease
RF
respiratory failure
SOB
shortness of breath
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
V/Q
ventilation-perfusion (scan)
VATS
video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
