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Medical Terminology > Nervous/Mental 6 > Flashcards

Nervous/Mental 6 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

two main divisions of nervous system?

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

brain

A

part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium

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5
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of nerve cell bodies linked to the thalamus, involved with coordination and movement

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6
Q

brainstem

A

connects the brain to the spinal cord

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7
Q

midbrain

A

part of the brainstem that contains reflex centers associated with eye and head movements

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8
Q

pons

A

part of the brainstem between the medulla and midbrain that is a relay station from the peripheral nerves to the brain

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9
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brainstem that connects the brain and the spinal cord and contains reflex centers for the heart, blood vessels, and breathing

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior portion of the brain that coordinates the voluntary muscles and maintains balance and muscle tone

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

largest and uppermost portion of the brain

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12
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of the cerebrum; controls higher mental functions

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13
Q

frontal lobe

A

front portion of the cerebrum that is involved with voluntary muscle movement and emotions

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14
Q

gyrus

A

elevated ridge (raised convolution) on the surface of the cerebrum

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15
Q

occipital lobe

A

posterior portion of the cerebrum involved with vision

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

middle-top portion of the cerebrum; involved in perception of touch, temperature, and pain

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17
Q

sulcus

A

groove or depression on the surface of the brain

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18
Q

temporal lobe

A

portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe; involved with the senses of hearing, memory, emotion, speech, and behavior

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19
Q

diencephalon

A

area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem

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20
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

colorless liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord and transports nutrients

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21
Q

meninges

A

three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

dura mater

A

tough, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges

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23
Q

arachnoid mater

A

delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges

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24
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer of the meninges that attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

spinal cord

A

portion of the central nervous system contained in the vertebral canal that conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and body

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26
Q

ventricle

A

one of four interconnected cavities within the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body

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28
Q

nerve

A

whitish cord-like structure that transmits stimuli from the central nervous system to another area of the body or from the body to the central nervous system

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29
Q

ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies located along the pathway of a nerve

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30
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that support and protect nervous tissue

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31
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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32
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain

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33
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord

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34
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum (little brain)

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35
Q

cerebr/o

A

brain, cerebrum

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36
Q

cortic/o

A

outer portion of an organ (as in cerebral cortex)

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37
Q

crani/o

A

cranium, skull

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38
Q

dur/o

A

hard, dura mater

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39
Q

enchephal/o

A

brain

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40
Q

esthesi/o

A

sensation, perception

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41
Q

gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

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42
Q

gli/o

A

glue, neuroglia

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43
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges

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44
Q

myel

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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45
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, numbness, sleep

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46
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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47
Q

phas/o

A

speech

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48
Q

poli/o

A

gray matter

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49
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

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50
Q

somn, somn/i

A

sleep

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51
Q

spin/o

A

spine

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52
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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53
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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54
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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55
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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56
Q

anxi/o

A

fear, worry

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57
Q

hallucin/o

A

to wonder in one’s mind

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58
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep, hypnosis

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59
Q

ment/o

A

mind, mental

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60
Q

phren/o

A

mind

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61
Q

psych/o

A

mind, mental

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62
Q

schiz/o

A

split

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63
Q

soci/o

A

social, society

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64
Q

thym/i, thym/o

A

mind, soul, emotion

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65
Q

epi-

A

on, upon, following

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66
Q

hemi-

A

half

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67
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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68
Q

hypo-

A

below, deficient

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69
Q

para-

A

beside

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70
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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71
Q

quadri-

A

four

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72
Q

bi-

A

two, twice

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73
Q

de-

A

away from, cessation, without

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74
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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75
Q

-al, -ar

A

pertaining to

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76
Q

-gram

A

record, recording

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77
Q

-ia

A

condition of

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78
Q

-ictal

A

relating to or caused by a stroke or seizure

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79
Q

-lepsis, -lepsy

A

seizure

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80
Q

-logist

A

one who specializes in

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81
Q

-paresis

A

partial or incomplete paralysis

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82
Q

-phrenia

A

the mind

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83
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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84
Q

-tomy

A

incision

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85
Q

-iatrist

A

one who specializes in

86
Q

-mania

A

excited state, obsession

87
Q

-phile, -philia

A

attraction to

88
Q

-phobia

A

abnormal fear of, aversion to, sensitivity to

89
Q

bipolar

A

having two ends or extremes

90
Q

cerebral

A

pertaining to the cerebrum

91
Q

cerebellar

A

pertaining to the cerebellum

92
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to that cranium or skull

93
Q

dural

A

pertaining to the dura mater

94
Q

epidural

A

pertaining to on or outside the dura mater

95
Q

glial

A

pertaining to the glia

96
Q

ictal

A

pertaining to or caused by a stroke or seizure

97
Q

ischemic

A

pertaining to a lack of blood flow

98
Q

meningeal

A

pertaining to the meninges

99
Q

mental

A

pertaining to the mind

100
Q

neural

A

pertaining to the nerves or any structure composed of nerves

101
Q

postictal

A

following a seizure

102
Q

radicular

A

pertaining to a nerve root

103
Q

subdural

A

deep in the dura mater

104
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

a progressive degenerative brain disease that results in memory impairment and dementia

105
Q

amnesia

A

loss of memory

106
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lou Gehrig disease

A

fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy

107
Q

aphasia

A

impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain

108
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

109
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis of facial muscles, usually on one side of the face, caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve

110
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of the artery

111
Q

cerebral embolism

A

obstruction or occlusion of a vessel in the brain by an embolus (blood clot, air bubble, or fat deposit in a blood vessel)

112
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

term for various types of non progressive movement dysfunction present at birth or in early childhood

113
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A

thrombus (blood clot) within a blood vessel of the brain

114
Q

cerebrovascular accident; stroke

A

damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain

115
Q

clonus

A

repeated muscular spasms seen with seizure disorders

116
Q

coma

A

prolonged state of deep unconsciousness

117
Q

concussion

A

injury to the brain resulting from violent shaking or a blow to the head

118
Q

disorientation

A

loss of sense of familiarity with one’s surroundings (time, place, and self)

119
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

120
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder of the central nervous system that is usually characterized by seizure activity and some alteration of consciousness

121
Q

hemiparesis

A

partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body

122
Q

herpes zoster; shingles

A

painful viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves and causes an eruption of blisters that follow the path of the dermatome of the affected nerves

123
Q

hydrocephalus

A

a condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid

124
Q

incoherence

A

confusion

125
Q

lethargy

A

a feeling of sluggishness or stupor

126
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

127
Q

meningomyelocele

A

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebra

128
Q

poliomyelitis

A

severe infectious viral disease that inflames the gray matter of the spinal cord and can lead to paralysis and muscle wasting

129
Q

polyneuropathy

A

inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves

130
Q

radiculopathy

A

disorder of the spinal nerve roots

131
Q

seizure

A

violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk, or limbs

132
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep

133
Q

subdural hematoma

A

a collection of blood deep in the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma

134
Q

stupor

A

state of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli

135
Q

syncope

A

fainting, or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

136
Q

tic

A

sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, involuntary motor movement or vocalization

137
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

seizure characterized by successive phases of tonic and clonic spasms (repeated contractions and relaxations of muscles)

138
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor and vocal manifestations

139
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction

140
Q

anxiety

A

feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread

141
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity

142
Q

agoraphobia

A

type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home and going out into the open

143
Q

autism

A

disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contacts, repetitive movements and other mannerisms

144
Q

bipolar disorder

A

disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (maina) and depression

145
Q

catatonia

A

a phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking

146
Q

claustrophobia

A

fear of being shut in or enclosed

147
Q

compulsion

A

uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively, to relive anxiety

148
Q

delirium

A

an altered state with confusion, distractibility, hallucinations, and overactivity

149
Q

delusion

A

a false belief or decision that is strongly held and remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors

150
Q

dementia

A

usually progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness

151
Q

depression

A

mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities

152
Q

euphoria

A

an exaggerated feeling of well-being

153
Q

hallucination

A

false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli

154
Q

mania

A

emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and poor judgment

155
Q

neurosis

A

psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety

156
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety

157
Q

panic disorder

A

form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations

158
Q

paranoia

A

mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm

159
Q

phobia

A

extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation

160
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, or war

161
Q

psychosis

A

mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations

162
Q

schizophrenia

A

common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thoughts, hallucinations and delusions, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior

163
Q

Babinski sign

A

reflex action in which the big toe remains extended when the sole of the foot is stroked; indicate injury to brain or spinal nerves

164
Q

cerebral angiography

A

radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radioplague contrast dye

165
Q

electroencephalography

A

electrical recording of brain activity

166
Q

deep tendon reflex (DTR)

A

evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems

167
Q

evoked potential studies

A

diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli

168
Q

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)

A

a neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness

169
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

the process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis

170
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures

171
Q

myelogram

A

radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents

172
Q

polysomnography

A

monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

173
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

a nuclear medicine procedure that shows metabolic activity in the brain that can correspond to various types of brain activity

174
Q

craniectomy

A

excision of part of the skull, without replacement of bone, to access the brain

175
Q

cranioplasty

A

operation to correct cranial defects, which may include bone grafts

176
Q

craniotomy

A

opening into the skull allowing access to the brain

177
Q

ganglionectomy

A

excision of a ganglion

178
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of the thin plate (lamina) of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

179
Q

neurolysis

A

seperation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions

180
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of the nerves

181
Q

psychotherapy

A

the general term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional and mental distress

182
Q

rhizotomy

A

incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain or spastic paralysis

183
Q

analgesic

A

drug that relieves pain

184
Q

anesthetic

A

compound that provides temporary loss of sensation

185
Q

antianxiety agent

A

category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation

186
Q

anticonvulsant

A

drug that prevents or arrests seizures

187
Q

antidepressant

A

drug used to treat depression

188
Q

antiinflammatory

A

drug that reduces inflammation

189
Q

epidural injection

A

injection of an analgesic into the epidural space

190
Q

hyponotic

A

drug that promotes sleep

191
Q

neuroleptic

A

class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia

192
Q

psychotropic

A

drug used to treat mental illnesses

193
Q

sedative

A

drug that quiets nervous excitement

194
Q

neurology

A

medical speciality concerned with the study and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system

195
Q

psychiatry

A

medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe medications

196
Q

psychology

A

medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of mental processes, behaviors, and abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor and is not authorized to prescribe medications

197
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

198
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

199
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

200
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

201
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

202
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

203
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflex

204
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

205
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

206
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

207
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

208
Q

OCD

A

obsessive-compulsive disorder

209
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

210
Q

PTSD

A

posttraumatic stress disorder

211
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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