Nervous/Mental 6 Flashcards
two main divisions of nervous system?
central and peripheral
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves
brain
part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
basal ganglia
group of nerve cell bodies linked to the thalamus, involved with coordination and movement
brainstem
connects the brain to the spinal cord
midbrain
part of the brainstem that contains reflex centers associated with eye and head movements
pons
part of the brainstem between the medulla and midbrain that is a relay station from the peripheral nerves to the brain
medulla oblongata
part of the brainstem that connects the brain and the spinal cord and contains reflex centers for the heart, blood vessels, and breathing
cerebellum
posterior portion of the brain that coordinates the voluntary muscles and maintains balance and muscle tone
cerebrum
largest and uppermost portion of the brain
cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebrum; controls higher mental functions
frontal lobe
front portion of the cerebrum that is involved with voluntary muscle movement and emotions
gyrus
elevated ridge (raised convolution) on the surface of the cerebrum
occipital lobe
posterior portion of the cerebrum involved with vision
parietal lobe
middle-top portion of the cerebrum; involved in perception of touch, temperature, and pain
sulcus
groove or depression on the surface of the brain
temporal lobe
portion of the cerebrum below the frontal lobe; involved with the senses of hearing, memory, emotion, speech, and behavior
diencephalon
area deep within the brain that contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
colorless liquid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord and transports nutrients
meninges
three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
dura mater
tough, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
arachnoid mater
delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle layer of the meninges
pia mater
thin inner layer of the meninges that attaches directly to the brain and spinal cord
spinal cord
portion of the central nervous system contained in the vertebral canal that conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and body
ventricle
one of four interconnected cavities within the brain that secrete cerebrospinal fluid
peripheral nervous system
part of the nervous system external to the brain and spinal cord that consists of all other nerves throughout the body
nerve
whitish cord-like structure that transmits stimuli from the central nervous system to another area of the body or from the body to the central nervous system
ganglion
group of nerve cell bodies located along the pathway of a nerve
neuroglia
cells that support and protect nervous tissue
neuron
nerve cell
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain
spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord
cerebell/o
cerebellum (little brain)
cerebr/o
brain, cerebrum
cortic/o
outer portion of an organ (as in cerebral cortex)
crani/o
cranium, skull
dur/o
hard, dura mater
enchephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
sensation, perception
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
gli/o
glue, neuroglia
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
myel
bone marrow, spinal cord
narc/o
stupor, numbness, sleep
neur/o
nerve
phas/o
speech
poli/o
gray matter
radicul/o
nerve root
somn, somn/i
sleep
spin/o
spine
spondyl/o
vertebra
thalam/o
thalamus
ventricul/o
ventricle
vertebr/o
vertebra
anxi/o
fear, worry
hallucin/o
to wonder in one’s mind
hypn/o
sleep, hypnosis
ment/o
mind, mental
phren/o
mind
psych/o
mind, mental
schiz/o
split
soci/o
social, society
thym/i, thym/o
mind, soul, emotion
epi-
on, upon, following
hemi-
half
hyper-
above, excessive
hypo-
below, deficient
para-
beside
poly-
many, much
quadri-
four
bi-
two, twice
de-
away from, cessation, without
eu-
good, normal
-al, -ar
pertaining to
-gram
record, recording
-ia
condition of
-ictal
relating to or caused by a stroke or seizure
-lepsis, -lepsy
seizure
-logist
one who specializes in
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
-phrenia
the mind
-plegia
paralysis
-tomy
incision
-iatrist
one who specializes in
-mania
excited state, obsession
-phile, -philia
attraction to
-phobia
abnormal fear of, aversion to, sensitivity to
bipolar
having two ends or extremes
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebellum
cranial
pertaining to that cranium or skull
dural
pertaining to the dura mater
epidural
pertaining to on or outside the dura mater
glial
pertaining to the glia
ictal
pertaining to or caused by a stroke or seizure
ischemic
pertaining to a lack of blood flow
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
mental
pertaining to the mind
neural
pertaining to the nerves or any structure composed of nerves
postictal
following a seizure
radicular
pertaining to a nerve root
subdural
deep in the dura mater
Alzheimer disease
a progressive degenerative brain disease that results in memory impairment and dementia
amnesia
loss of memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Lou Gehrig disease
fatal degenerative disease of the motor neurons marked by muscle weakness and atrophy
aphasia
impaired comprehension or formulation of speech, reading, or writing caused by damage to the brain
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
Bell palsy
paralysis of facial muscles, usually on one side of the face, caused by dysfunction of the facial nerve
cerebral aneurysm
widening of a blood vessel in the brain, usually due to a weakness in the wall of the artery
cerebral embolism
obstruction or occlusion of a vessel in the brain by an embolus (blood clot, air bubble, or fat deposit in a blood vessel)
cerebral palsy (CP)
term for various types of non progressive movement dysfunction present at birth or in early childhood
cerebral thrombosis
thrombus (blood clot) within a blood vessel of the brain
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
damage to the brain caused by an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain
clonus
repeated muscular spasms seen with seizure disorders
coma
prolonged state of deep unconsciousness
concussion
injury to the brain resulting from violent shaking or a blow to the head
disorientation
loss of sense of familiarity with one’s surroundings (time, place, and self)
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
epilepsy
disorder of the central nervous system that is usually characterized by seizure activity and some alteration of consciousness
hemiparesis
partial or incomplete paralysis affecting one side of the body
herpes zoster; shingles
painful viral infection that affects the peripheral nerves and causes an eruption of blisters that follow the path of the dermatome of the affected nerves
hydrocephalus
a condition involving increased cerebrospinal fluid
incoherence
confusion
lethargy
a feeling of sluggishness or stupor
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
meningomyelocele
protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defect in the vertebra
poliomyelitis
severe infectious viral disease that inflames the gray matter of the spinal cord and can lead to paralysis and muscle wasting
polyneuropathy
inflammation of a number of peripheral nerves
radiculopathy
disorder of the spinal nerve roots
seizure
violent spasm or series of jerky movements of the face, trunk, or limbs
sleep apnea
disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep
subdural hematoma
a collection of blood deep in the dura mater resulting from a broken blood vessel, usually due to trauma
stupor
state of impaired consciousness in which the person shows a marked reduction in reactivity to environmental stimuli
syncope
fainting, or an episode of fainting, usually due to lack of blood supply to the cerebrum
tic
sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic, involuntary motor movement or vocalization
tonic-clonic seizure
seizure characterized by successive phases of tonic and clonic spasms (repeated contractions and relaxations of muscles)
Tourette syndrome
tic disorder characterized by intermittent motor and vocal manifestations
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sudden, brief, and temporary cerebral dysfunction
anxiety
feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by short attention span, rapid boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity
agoraphobia
type of mental disorder with an irrational fear of leaving home and going out into the open
autism
disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, withdrawal of social contacts, repetitive movements and other mannerisms
bipolar disorder
disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating periods of euphoria (maina) and depression
catatonia
a phase of schizophrenia in which the patient is unresponsive, sometimes remaining in a fixed position without moving or talking
claustrophobia
fear of being shut in or enclosed
compulsion
uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively, to relive anxiety
delirium
an altered state with confusion, distractibility, hallucinations, and overactivity
delusion
a false belief or decision that is strongly held and remains unchanged regardless of any outside factors
dementia
usually progressive loss of cognitive and intellectual functions, without impairment of perception or consciousness
depression
mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities
euphoria
an exaggerated feeling of well-being
hallucination
false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli
mania
emotional disorder characterized by euphoria or irritability as well as rapid speech, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and poor judgment
neurosis
psychological or behavioral disorder characterized by excessive anxiety
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety
panic disorder
form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear of social or personal situations
paranoia
mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm
phobia
extreme persistent fear of a specific object or situation
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening catastrophic events such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, or war
psychosis
mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations
schizophrenia
common type of psychosis, characterized by abnormalities in perception, content of thoughts, hallucinations and delusions, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior
Babinski sign
reflex action in which the big toe remains extended when the sole of the foot is stroked; indicate injury to brain or spinal nerves
cerebral angiography
radiography of blood vessels in the brain after injection of radioplague contrast dye
electroencephalography
electrical recording of brain activity
deep tendon reflex (DTR)
evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous systems
evoked potential studies
diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli
Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
a neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness
lumbar puncture (LP)
the process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures
myelogram
radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents
polysomnography
monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
positron emission tomography (PET)
a nuclear medicine procedure that shows metabolic activity in the brain that can correspond to various types of brain activity
craniectomy
excision of part of the skull, without replacement of bone, to access the brain
cranioplasty
operation to correct cranial defects, which may include bone grafts
craniotomy
opening into the skull allowing access to the brain
ganglionectomy
excision of a ganglion
laminectomy
excision of the thin plate (lamina) of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
neurolysis
seperation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions
neuroplasty
surgical repair of the nerves
psychotherapy
the general term for an interaction in which a trained mental health professional tries to help a patient resolve emotional and mental distress
rhizotomy
incision into the spinal nerve roots to relieve pain or spastic paralysis
analgesic
drug that relieves pain
anesthetic
compound that provides temporary loss of sensation
antianxiety agent
category of drugs used to treat anxiety without causing excessive sedation
anticonvulsant
drug that prevents or arrests seizures
antidepressant
drug used to treat depression
antiinflammatory
drug that reduces inflammation
epidural injection
injection of an analgesic into the epidural space
hyponotic
drug that promotes sleep
neuroleptic
class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, particularly schizophrenia
psychotropic
drug used to treat mental illnesses
sedative
drug that quiets nervous excitement
neurology
medical speciality concerned with the study and treatment of conditions involving the nervous system
psychiatry
medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders as practiced by a licensed medical doctor who may prescribe medications
psychology
medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of mental processes, behaviors, and abnormal/irregular mood disorders as practiced by a trained professional who is not a medical doctor and is not authorized to prescribe medications
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DTR
deep tendon reflex
EEG
electroencephalogram
LP
lumbar puncture
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
multiple sclerosis
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
PET
positron emission tomography
PTSD
posttraumatic stress disorder
TIA
transient ischemic attack
