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Medical Terminology > Blood and Immune 9 > Flashcards

Blood and Immune 9 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pathogens

A

disease-causing agents

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2
Q

erythrocytes

A

(red blood cells) are biconcave discs with no nucleus

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3
Q

leukocytes

A

(white blood cells) colorless cells that circulate in body fluids

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4
Q

platelets

A

(thrombocytes) cell fragments without a nucleus

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5
Q

plasma

A

(fluid matrix of blood) contains proteins and other solutes

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6
Q

albumin

A

main protein in plasma

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7
Q

fibrinogen

A

blood clotter in plasma

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8
Q

globulins

A

antibodies in plasma

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9
Q

serum

A

plasma without fibrinogen

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10
Q

blood is made up of

A

45% formed elements and 55% plasma

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11
Q

blood

A

fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to the tissues

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12
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and cellular fragments

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13
Q

packed cell volume

A

the volume of blood cells in a sample after it has been centrifuged; normally about 45% of the blood sample

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14
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood that carries formed elements, clotting factors, electrocytes, and proteins

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15
Q

serum

A

liquid portion of blood left after removing the clotting factors and blood cells

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16
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue within medullary cavities of bone, with multiple functions including the production of blood cells

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17
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

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18
Q

hemopoiesis; hematopoisis

A

formation of various types of blood cells and other formed elements

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19
Q

lymphatic system

A

network of vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs that plays a role in immunity by collecting lymph

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20
Q

lymph

A

colorless liquid containing white blood cells that drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream

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21
Q

lymph node

A

bean-shaped body in which lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed

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22
Q

spleen

A

vascular lymphatic organ responsible for filtering blood, destroying old red blood cells, producing red blood cells before birth, and storing blood

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23
Q

erythrocyte; red blood cell

A

red blood cell that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

hemoglobin (HGB, Hb, Hgb)

A

protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen; gives red blood cells the characteristic color

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25
Q

iron (Fe)

A

essential trace element necessary for hemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood cells

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26
Q

macrocyte

A

a large red blood cell

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27
Q

Rh factor

A

protein substance present in the red blood cells of most people (85%); it is capable of inducing antigenic reactions

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28
Q

leukocytes; white blood cells (WBC)

A

largest blood cell; protects against pathogens, foreign substances, and cellular debris

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29
Q

granulocyte

A

white blood cell with visible granules; the three types pf granulocytes are named according to the type of dye to which each is attracted

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30
Q

neutrophil

A

type of granulocyte that fights against bacterial infections; stains a neutral pink; 60-70% of circulating WBCs

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31
Q

eosinophil

A

type of granulocyte that functions in allergic reactions and against parasites; stains red; 2-4% of circulating WBCs

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32
Q

basophil

A

type of granulocyte that releases histamine in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses; stains a dark blue with a basic dye; 0.5-1.0% of circulating WBCs

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33
Q

agranulocyte

A

white blood cell without clearly visible granules

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34
Q

lymphocyte

A

type of agranulocyte that circulates in the lymphatic system and is active in immunity; 20-25% of circulating WBCs

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35
Q

B lymphocyte; B cell

A

white blood cell that, when in contact with a foreign antigen, produces antibodies to inactivate the antigen

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36
Q

T lymphocyte; T cell

A

white blood cell that matures in the thymus and specializes in creating immune response

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37
Q

monocyte

A

largest type of white blood cell; 3-8% of circulating WBCs

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38
Q

macrophage

A

enlarged and matured monocyte active in phagocytes (eating and destroying)

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39
Q

platelets (PLT); thrombocytes

A

cellular fragments in the blood that stick together, forming a clot

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40
Q

clotting factors

A

any of the various plasma components involved in the clotting process

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41
Q

coagulation

A

clotting; changing from a liquid to a solid state

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42
Q

fibrin

A

elastic fiber protein needed in clotting and derived from fibrinogen

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43
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin

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44
Q

antibody (Ab)

A

soldier-like protein that protects the body and inactivates antigens; provides immunity against specific substances and microorganisms

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45
Q

antigen (Ag)

A

agent of substance that provokes an immune response

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46
Q

histamine

A

substance released by damaged cells that increases blood flow to the area, causing an inflammatory response (inflammation) involving heat, redness, swelling, and pain

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47
Q

immune response

A

the body’s reaction to an antigen

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48
Q

immunity

A

protection against disease

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49
Q

pathogen

A

any virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease

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50
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular process of eating and destroying substances, usually by the neutrophils and macrophages

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51
Q

chrom/o, chromat/o

A

color

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52
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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53
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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54
Q

granul/o

A

granules

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55
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood

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56
Q

immun/o

A

immune, safe

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57
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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58
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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59
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

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60
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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61
Q

path/o

A

disease

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62
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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63
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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64
Q

plas/o

A

formation, growth

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65
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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66
Q

auto-

A

self, same

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67
Q

basi-, baso-

A

base

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68
Q

macro-

A

large, long

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69
Q

micro-

A

small

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70
Q

mono-

A

one

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71
Q

pro-

A

before, promoting

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72
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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73
Q

-cyte

A

cell

74
Q

-emia

A

blood (condition of)

75
Q

-sis

A

condition, process

76
Q

-gen

A

origin, production

77
Q

-lysis

A

destruction, breakdown, separation

78
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

79
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

80
Q

-philia

A

attraction of, liking

81
Q

-poiesis

A

production, formation

82
Q

-rrhage

A

flowing forth

83
Q

-y

A

condition of

84
Q

autoimmunity

A

pertaining to one’s immune system attacking its own tissues or cells

85
Q

cytopathic

A

pertaining to a disease or disorder of a cell or cellular component

86
Q

hemopoietic; hematopoietic

A

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

87
Q

hemolytic

A

pertaining to the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

88
Q

hemorrhagic

A

pertaining to profuse or excessive bleeding

89
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping blood flow or arresting bleeding

90
Q

hypersensitive

A

condition of excessive response or an exaggerated sensitivity to a stimulus

91
Q

Inflammatory

A

pertaining to heat, redness, swelling, and pain in response to tissue injury

92
Q

predisposition

A

condition of being susceptible to disease

93
Q

proliferative

A

growing and increasing in number of similar cells

94
Q

rejection

A

immunologic response of incompatibility to a transplanted organ or tissue

95
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to the whole body

96
Q

virulent

A

denotes an extremely toxic pathogen

97
Q

anemia

A

condition in which the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed cell volume is lower than normal

98
Q

aplastic anemia

A

disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells

99
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

disorder in which hemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen due to a lack of iron

100
Q

pernicious anemia

A

disorder in which the number of red bloods cells decreases with simultaneous enlargement of individual cells (macrocytes) due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12

101
Q

hemorrhagic anemia

A

blood loss anemia; disorder involving lack of red blood cells due to profuse blood loss

102
Q

thalassemia

A

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in low hemoglobin production

103
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in abnormal hemoglobin causing a sickle-shaped red blood cells, which have difficulty moving through small capillary vessels

104
Q

autoimmune disease

A

condition in which the immune system attacks normal body tissues

105
Q

hemophilia

A

bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of a clotting factor

105
Q

clotting disorder

A

condition characterized by an inability of blood to coagulate

106
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

disorder involving low levels of platelets in the blood

107
Q

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

A

disorder resulting from platelet destruction by macrophages characterized by bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes

108
Q

von Willebrand disease (vWD)

A

bleeding disorder characterized by a tendency to bleed primarily from the mucous membranes due to a deficiency of clotting factor

109
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excessive absorption and storage of dietary iron in body tissues causing dysfunction

110
Q

mononucleosis

A

increase of mononuclear leukocytes with symptoms of fever, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and fatigue

111
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency in all types of blood cells

112
Q

polycythemia

A

increase in number of red blood cells

113
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

autoimmune disease causing progressive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet

114
Q

septicemia

A

spread of microorganisms or toxins through circulating blood

115
Q

Sjögren sydrome

A

chronic autoimmune disease characterized by degeneration of the salivary and lacrimal glands causing dryness of the mouth and eyes and other mucous membranes

116
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

inflammatory, autoimmune, connective tissue disease that can affect all organ systems

117
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal presence of clotting within a blood vessel

118
Q

albumin

A

measurement of this protein level; used to diagnose liver or kidney problems, inflammation, malnutrition, or dehydration

119
Q

bilirubin

A

screen for liver disorders or anemia; bile, found in bilirubin, is a yellow pigment formed from hemoglobin, and excess is associated with jaundice (abnormal yellowing of the skin)

120
Q

blood smear

A

evaluation of the appearance and number of blood cells and the different types of white blood cells

121
Q

complete blood count (CBC); hemogram

A

automated count of all blood cells

122
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR)

A

Time management of red blood cells settling in a test tube over one hour; used to diagnose inflammation and anemias

123
Q

hematocrit (HCT, Hct)

A

percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood; used to diagnose various disorders including anemia

124
Q

hemoglobin (HGB, Hgb, Hb) test

A

test for the red blood cell protein responsible for binding oxygen; used to diagnose various disorders including anemia

125
Q

platelet count (PLT)

A

number of platelets present; used to diagnose bleeding disorders or bone marrow disease

126
Q

red blood count (RBC)

A

number of erythrocytes present; used to diagnose various disorders including anemia

127
Q

white blood count (WBC)

A

number of leukocytes present; used to diagnose various disorders, including infections and diseases, and for monitoring treatment

128
Q

crossmatching

A

blood typing test for compatibility between donor and recipient blood

129
Q

culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

growing a microorganism from a specimen taken from the body to determine its susceptibility to particular medications

130
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

measurement of time for blood to clot

131
Q

differential white blood count; differential count

A

test that determines the number of each type of white blood cell in a blood sample

132
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A

assessment for autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and others

133
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibody test

A

diagnostic test for mononucleosis and evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus

134
Q

mononucleosis spot test

A

assessment for mononucleosis

135
Q

rheumatoid factor test

A

test for rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren syndrome

136
Q

apheresis

A

infusion of a patient’s own blood after certain cellular or fluid elements have been removed; used especially to remove antibodies in treating autoimmune disorders

137
Q

blood transfusion (BT)

A

transfer of blood between compatible donor and recipient

138
Q

autologous blood

A

blood donated for future use by same patient; usually presurgical

139
Q

blood component therapy

A

transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, plasma, or platelets

140
Q

homologous blood

A

blood donated from same species for use by a compatible recipient

141
Q

bone marrow aspiration (BMA)

A

removal of a small amount of fluid and cells inside the bone with a needle and syringe

142
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

transfer of bone marrow from one person to another

143
Q

immunization; vaccination

A

administration of a weakened or killed pathogen, or a protein of a pathogen, to cause the immune system to create antibodies for future protection

144
Q

immunosuppression

A

use of chemotherapy or immunosuppressant drugs to interfere with immune responses; usually prescribed for autoimmune disorders

145
Q

phlebotomy; venipuncture; venotomy

A

incision into a vein to inject a solution or withdraw blood

146
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal and replacement of a patient’s own blood after plasma has been removed and replaced with a plasma substitute

147
Q

splenectomy

A

surgical removal of the spleen

148
Q

antibiotic

A

drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

149
Q

anticoagulant

A

drug that prevents or inhibits blood clotting

150
Q

antihistamine

A

drug used to stop the effects of histamine; used especially to treat allergies

151
Q

hemostatic agent; procoagulant

A

drug that stops the flow of blood within vessels

152
Q

immune serum; antiserum

A

serum containing antibodies against specific antigens; used to treat specific diseases

153
Q

immunosuppressant

A

drug used to suppress or reduce immune responses in organ transplant recipients or those with severe autoimmune diseases

154
Q

thrombolytic agent

A

drug that dissolves a blood clot

155
Q

vaccine

A

preparation composed of a weakened or killed pathogen

156
Q

allergology

A

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of allergic conditions

157
Q

hematology

A

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood and blood-forming organs

158
Q

immunology

A

medical specialty concerned with immunity, allergy, and induced sensitivity

159
Q

rheumatology

A

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic conditions (those affect joints), arthritis, and autoimmune diseases

160
Q

Ab

A

antibody

161
Q

Ag

A

antigen

162
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody test

163
Q

BMA

A

bone marrow aspiration

164
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

165
Q

BT

A

blood transfusion

166
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

167
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity

168
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

169
Q

EPO

A

erythropoietin

170
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

171
Q

Fe

A

iron

172
Q

HCT, Hct, ht

A

hematocrit

173
Q

HGB, Hb, Hgb

A

hemoglobin

174
Q

ITP

A

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

175
Q

PLT

A

platelet or platelet count

175
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

176
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

177
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell; red blood count

178
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

179
Q

vWD

A

von Willebrand disease

180
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell; white blood count

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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