Female Reproductive 15 Flashcards
breasts; mammary glands
modified sweat glands that produce milk
areola
pigmented area around the breast nipple
lactiferous ducts
channels that carry breast milk to the nipple
lactiferous sinuses
expanded chambers that converge on the nipple surface
lobes of mammary gland
15-20 separate portions of the mammary gland that radiate from the central area deep to the nipple-like wheel spokes and comprise the body of the mammary gland; each is drained by a single lactiferous duct
lobules of mammary gland
subdivisions of the lobes of the mammary gland that make breast milk
nipple
projection on the breast surface through which milk can be secreted
genitalia
external and internal organs of reproduction
ovaries
pair of oval reproductive glands that produce hormones and release oocytes
oocyte
female gamete or sex cell; when fertilized by a sperm, it develops into an ovum and is capable of developing into a new individual
corpus luteum
temporary endocrine gland formed in the ovary that secretes the hormone progesterone during the second half of the menstrual cycle
menstrual cycle
period of time in which an oocyte matures, is ovulated, and enters the uterus through the uterine tubes; during this time, ovarian hormonal secretions effect endometrial changes; if fertilization does not occur, the endometrium is shed and menstrual flow begins; the cycle lasts about 28 days
vesicular ovarian follicles; graafian follicles
fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries in which the primary oocyte matures
ovum; ova
oocyte that has been fertilized by a spermatozoon; an egg cell
uterine tubes; salpinges, fallopian tubes
tubular structures that carry the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus
fimbriae
finger-like extensions of each uterine tube that drape over each ovary
uterus; womb
pear-shaped organ located in the middle of the pelvis that supports a growing embryo and fetus and is the site of menstruation
adnexa
appendages or adjunct parts; the adnexa of the uterus consist of the uterine tubes, the ovaries, and the ligaments that hold them together
endometrium
inner layer that lines the uterus; this layer is shed during menstruation
myometrium
thick, muscular middle layer of the uterus
perimetrium
outer layer of the uterus that covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix
cervix
tubular, lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina
cervical os
vaginal opening of the uterus, also called external os of uterus
fundus
dome-shaped top portion of the uterus that lies above the entrance of the uterine tubes
vagina; birth canal
muscular tube projecting inside a female that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
vulva
the female external genital organs
clitoris
small (less than 2 cm) mass of erectile tissues in females that responds to sexual stimulation
hymen
thin fold of mucous membrane covering the entrance to the vagina
greater vestibular glands; Bartholin glands
glands that keep the vagina moist and provide a lubricant for the vagina during sexual intercourse
labia
two sets of skin folds that cover the female external genital organs and tissues
labia majora; labium majus
part of the labia that covers and protects the female external genital organs
labia minora; labium minus
inner folds of the labia that surround the openings to the vagina and urethra
mons pubis
rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
perineum
surface area between the thighs extending from the coccyx to the pubis that includes the anus posteriorly and the external genitalia anteriorly
vaginal orifice; introitus
opening of the vagina
vestibule
central space between the labia minora
amnion
inner layer of membrane surrounding the fetus and containing the amniotic fluid
amniotic fluid
fluid that encases the fetus and provides a cushion for the fetus as the mother moves
chorion
outermost membrane surrounding the fetus
conception; fertilization
fertilization of an oocyte by a sperm
effacement
thinning of the cervix in preparation for delivery
embryo
the developing organism from conception until the end of the eighth week of gestation
fetus
developing embryo from the end of the eight week of gestation until delivery
gamete
an organism’s reproductive cell, such as sperm or oocytes
gestation
pregnancy, period of development from fertilization until birth
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hormone secreted by the fertilized ovum soon after conception
lactation
production of breast milk by the mammary glands after childbirth
lochia
normal vaginal discharge consisting of mucus, blood, and tissue debris following childbirth
ovulation
process of discharging an oocyte from an ovary
placenta
temporary organ imprinted in the uterus through which the embryo/fetus receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood and passes waste through the umbilical cord
prolactin
hormone that stimulates breast growth and milk secretion
umbilical cord
connecting stalk between the embryo/fetus and the placenta that contains two arteries and one vein composed of blood vessels and connective tissue that is connected to the fetus from the placenta
zygote
cell resulting from the union of a sperm and oocyte
cervic/o
neck, cervix (neck of uterus)
colp/o
vagina
episi/o
vulva (external genitalia; wrapper)
gyn/o, gynec/o
woman
hyster/o
uterus (womb)
men/o, menstru/o
menstruation
metr/o, metri/o
uterus
my/o
muscle (uterus)
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
pelv/i
pelvis, pelvic cavity
perine/o
perineum (area between the anus and vulva)
salping/o
salpinx, uterine tube, fallopian tube
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva (external genitalia; wrapper)
amni/o, amnion/o
amnion
cephal/o
head
chori/o
chorion (membrane)
embry/o, embryon/o
embryo, immature form
fet/o
fetus
fund/o
fundus (part farthest from opening or exit)
galact/o
milk
gestat/o
from conception to birth
gravid/o
pregnancy
hydr/o
water, fluid
lact/o
milk
mamm/o
breast, mammary gland
mast/o
breast, mammary gland
nat/o
birth
olig/o
scanty, few
omphal/o
umbilicus, navel
pub/o
pubis
toc/o
labor, birth
ante-
before
dys-
painful, difficult, abnormal
ecto-
outer, outside
endo-
in, within
micro-
small
multi-
many
neo-
new
nulli-
none
poly-
many, much
post-
after, behind
pre-
before
supra-
above
-arche
beginning
-asthenia
weakness
-cele
herniation, protrusion
-centesis
puncture to aspirate
-ia
condition of
-ism
condition of
-metry
measurement of
-partum
childbirth, labor
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasia
formation, growth
-plasty
surgical repair, reconstruction
-rrhage, -rrhagia
flowing forth
-rrhaphy
suture
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-scopy
process of examining, examination
-tomy
incision
estimated date of confinement (EDC); estimated date of delivery (EDD)
the date an infant is expected to be born, calculated by counting forward 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of the mother’s last menstrual period (LMP); due date
fetal
pertaining to a fetus
gestational
pertaining to pregnancy
gravida
a pregnant woman
in vitro
in an artificial environment
intrauterine
within the uterus
last menstrual period (LMP)
the date indicating the first day of patient’s last menstruation (menstrual period)
meconium
greenish-black first feces of a newborn
menarche
a girl’s first menstrual period
menstruation; menses
cyclic shedding of endometrial lining and discharge of bloody fluid from the uterus; occurs approximately every 28 days
neonatal
pertaining to the period immediately after an infant’s birth and continuing through the first 28 days of life
neonate
a newborn infant
nulligravida
a woman who has never conceived a child
nullipara
a woman who has never given birth to a child
ovarian
pertaining to an ovary
para
a woman who has given birth
pelvic
pertaining to the pelvis
perineal
pertaining to the perineum
postpartum
the period of time after birth
prenatal
the period of time preceding birth
primigravida
a woman who has had one pregnancy
suprapubic
above the pubic bone
transabdominal
across or through the abdomen
transvaginal
across or through the vagina
stillbirth
the birth of an infant who has died before delivery
uterine
pertaining to the uterus
adenomyosis
the presence of endometrial tissue growing through the myometrium
amenorrhea
abnormal absence of menstrual bleeding
atrophic vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina due to the thinning and shrinking of the tissues, as well as decreased lubrication
bacterial vaginosis
infection of the vagina caused by the disruption of the normal balance of bacteria, in which “good” bacteria is replaced by “harmful” bacteria
cervical dysplasia
development of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix
dysmenorrhea
difficult or painful menstruation
dyspareunia
condition of experiencing pain during sexual intercourse
endometriosis
the presence of functional endometrial tissue somewhere other than in the lining of the uterus
endometritis
inflammation of the endometrium
mastitis
inflammation of the breast
mastodynia
pain in the breast
menopause
permanent ceasing of menses
menorrhagia
abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding during menstruation
metrorrhagia
irregular bleeding from the uterus between menstrual periods
uterine fibroid; leiomyoma, fibromyoma, myoma
benign growth that develops from the smooth muscular tissue of the uterus
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of the female pelvic organs (ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis
polycystic ovary syndrome
condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth, obesity, and enlarged ovaries due to hormone imbalance
salpingitis
inflammation of the uterine tube (salpinx)
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
any contagious disease acquired during sexual contact; also called sexually transmitted infection
uterine prolapse
protrusion of the uterus into or through the vagina
vulvodynia
chronic vulvar discomfort with complaints of burning and superficial irritation
abortion (AB); spontaneous abortion (SAB)
expulsion of an embryo or fetus (products of conception) from the uterus before viability; miscarriage
incomplete abortion
abortion in which part of the products of conception have passed but part (usually the placenta) remains in the uterus
abruptio placentae
premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
Braxton Hicks contractions; false labor
irregular weak uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy that usually cause little or no pain
breech pregnancy
pregnancy in which the buttocks of the baby present at the bottom of the uterus, while the head remains in the upper part of the uterus
dystocia
difficult childbirth
eclampsia
seizures or coma in a patient with pregnancy-induced hypertension
ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy that occurs when the zygote implants itself outside the uterus
gestational diabetes
diabetes that develops or first occurs during pregnancy
infertility
inability of a couple to conceive, regardless of the cause
lithotomy position
supine position with buttocks at the end of the operating table, hips and knees are fully flex, and the feet are strapped in position; common position for childbirth
nuchal cord
loop(s) of umbilical cord wrapped around the neck of the fetus, posing risk or intrauterine hypoxia, fetal distress, or death
oligohydramnios
an insufficient amount of amniotic fluid
placenta previa
condition in which the placenta is implanted in the lower segment of the uterus instead of the upper part
postpartum depression
form of clinical depression suffered by the mother that occurs soon after giving birth
preeclampsia
development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy
prolapsed cord
slipping of the umbilical cord into the vagina before delivery
rupture of membranes
spontaneous rupture of the amniotic sac with release of fluid preceding childbirth
toxoplasmosis
infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii transmitted to humans through cat feces; if contacted by a pregnant woman, the infection can affect the fetus in many ways including profound physical abnormalities
vertex
normal birth position of the fetus so that the crown of the head presents first in the cervix and vaginal canal
atresia
congenital absence of a normal opening, such as the esophagus or anus
atrial septal defect (ASD)
failure of an opening or foramen to close between the atria after birth
cleft lip
congenital split in the upper lip associated with a cleft palate
cleft palate
congenital split in the roof of the mouth caused by failure of the embryonic facial bones to fuse; often associated with cleft lip
Down syndrome
congenital disorder characterized by intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities caused by a tripling of chromosome 21; trisomy 21
gastroschisis
congenital defect in the anterior abdominal wall, usually accompanied by protrusion of the intestines
jaundice of newborn
inability of an infant’s liver to metabolize bilirubin; usually disappears within 48-72 hours after birth
microcephaly
congenital condition characterized by an abnormally small head; usually associated with intellectual impairment
omphalocele
congenital herniation in which abdominal organs protrude into a baby’s umbilical cord
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
congenital disorder in which a fetal blood vessel connecting the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta fails to close after birth
spina bifida
congenital defect of incomplete vertebral closure that allows the spinal cord or meninges to protrude through a gap in the backbone
tetralogy of Fallot
set of four congenital heart defects; ventricular septal defect, pulmonic valve stenosis, malposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Turner syndrome
congenital disorder in which affected women have only one X chromosome instead of two, causing developmental abnormalities and infertility
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
failure of an opening or formen to close between the heart ventricles after birth
group B streptococcus
test for bacterium that, if transmitted from the mother, can cause life-threatening infections in newborns
Papanicolaou (Pap) test
microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (ex. cancer)
pregnancy test
blood test to determine the presence of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secreted by the placenta
quad marker screen
blood test that measures the levels of four substances (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, estriol, and inhibin A) to determine the risk of having a baby with a birth defect
amniocentesis
transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac to test for fetal lung immaturity or certain fetal problems, such as genetic defects or infections
Apgar score
numeric result of a test conducted on an infant immediately after delivery to evaluate quickly the newborn’s physical condition
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
removal of a small piece of placental tissues (the villi of the chorion, which forms part of the placenta) during early pregnancy to test for fetal abnormalities
colposcope
a thin lighted endoscope inserted into the vagina to allow for direct visualization of the vagina and cervix
colposcopy
visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina
fetal ultrasound; obstetric ultrasound
ultrasound done during pregnancy that uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of a fetus, the placenta that nourishes it, and amniotic fluid the surrounds it
fetoscope
special type of stethoscope used for listening to a fetus in the womb, usually used after about 18 weeks’ gestation
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
x-ray examination of the uterus and uterine tubes after injection of contrast dye
mammography
x-ray examination of the breasts; used to detect breast tumors
pelvic ultrasound
ultrasound of the pelvic area
pelvimetry
measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis to determine whether a woman can give birth through the vagina or if a cesarean section (C-section) will be required
transvaginal ultrasound
ultrasound using a transducer inserted into the vagina to view the internal female reproductive organs
colporrhaphy; anterior/posterior repair
surgical procedure that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina
cryosurgery
in gynecology, a procedure that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze a section of the cervix to destroy abnormal or precancerous cervical cells
dilatation and curettage (D&C); dilation and curettage (D&C)
surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curette
hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus and cervix
total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH)
surgical removal of the uterus and cervix (with or without removal of the ovaries and uterine tubes) through an incision in the abdomen
vaginal hysterectomy
surgical removal of the uterus and cervix through an incision deep inside the vagina
laparotomy
surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP); loop excision
gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut abnormal tissue in the cervix
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
mastopexy
plastic surgery (fixation) to elevate and reshape a breast by removing excess skin and tightening the surrounding tissue
myomectomy
surgical removal of a uterine myoma
oophorectomy
surgical removal of an ovary
pessary
an elastic or rigid device inserted into the vagina to support the uterus or to correct any displacement
salpingectomy; tubectomy
surgical removal of a uterine tube
salpingo-oophorectomy
salpingo-oophorectomy of the ovary and its uterine tube (salpinx)
uterotomy; hysterotomy
incision of the uterus
vulvectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the vulva
amniotomy; artificial rupture of membranes
artificial (purposeful) tearing of the amniotic sac to induce or accelerate labor
cerclage
placement of a nonabsorbable suture, ring, or loop around a malfunctioning (incompetent) cervical opening
cesarean section (C-section)
surgical operation for delivering a baby by cutting through the mother’s abdominal wall and uterus
episiotomy
surgical incision through the perineum to enlarge the vagina and assist childbirth
induction of labor
attempt to start the childbirth process artificially by administering a drug to start labor or by puncturing the amniotic sac
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
process whereby oocytes are placed in a medium to which spermatozoa are added for fertilization, which produces a zygote; the zygote is then introduced into the uterus to establish a successful pregnancy
sterilization
rendering a person incapable of reproducing
therapeutic abortion (TAB)
abortion performed for medical reasons (such as when the mother’s life is threatened by the pregnancy)
tubal ligation
sterilization technique in which a woman’s uterine tubes are surgically blocked by tying (ligating), cutting, cauterizing, or a device to prevent oocytes from reaching the uterus; aka having one’s “tubes tied”
contraceptive
device or drug that prevents conception (pregnancy)
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
administration of hormones (estrogen or progesterone) to women after menopause or oophorectomy
abortifacient
drug that produces abortion
ovulation induction
use of hormone therapy to stimulate ovulation (release of mature oocytes)
oxytocin
hormone that causes contractions and promotes milk release during lactation; used to induce or stimulate labor
tocolytic
drug used to suppress uterine contractions, often used in an attempt to arrest premature birth
gynecology (GYN)
medical speciality concerned with the functions and diseases of the female genital tract, as well as endocrinology and reproductive physiology of the female
midwifery
practice of providing holistic health care to the childbearing woman and newborn
neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
hospital department designed for care of critically ill premature and full-term infants
neonatology
medical subspecialty of pediatrics concerned with the medical needs of newborns babies through the 28th day of life
obstetrics (OB)
medical specialty concerned with childbirth and care of the mother
pediatrics
medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of children in health and disease during development from birth through adolescence
reproductive endocrinology
medical subspecialty within gynecology and obstetrics that addresses hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility
AB
abortion
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
C-section
cesarean section
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
D&C
dilatation and curettage; dilation and curettage
DOB
date of birth
EDC
estimated date of confinement
EDD
estimated date of delivery
GBS
group B streptococcus
GYN
gynecology; gynecologist
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
HSG
hysterosalpingogram
IVF
in vitro fertilization
LEEP
loop electrosurgical excision procedure
LMP
last menstrual period
NICU
neonatal intensive care unit
OB
obstetrics; obstetrician
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
SAB
spontaneous abortion
STD
sexually transmitted disease
TAB
therapeutic abortion
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
