Endocrine 8 Flashcards
what are endocrine glands?
ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
what is the endocrine system?
consists of gland and hormones and maintains homeostasis
adrenal glands; suprarenal glands
triangular-shaped glands located above each kidney that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions
hypothalamus
part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that secretes releasing hormones that control the release of other hormones by the pituitary gland
islets of Langerhans
endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) that aid carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism
ovaries
paired female reproductive organs that produce hormones and release oocytes (egg cells)
parathyroid glands
four small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream
pineal gland
small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction
pituitary gland
pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; “master gland”
testes; testicles
male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produce sperm and testosterone
thymus gland
gland in the mediastinum (membranous partition in the thoracic cavity) that secretes thymosin, a hormone that regulates the immune system
thyroid gland
bilobed gland located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormone that is needed for cell growth and metabolism; largest endocrine gland
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
targets the adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of corticosteroids
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and testosterone in males
growth hormone (GH)
targets bones and other tissues; stimulates protein synthesis and body growth
luteinizing hormone (LH)
targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males
prolactin
targets breast tissue; stimulates milk production
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
targets the thyroid gland; stimulates the production of thyroid hormones for regulating metabolism
antidiuretic hormone (ADH); vasopressin
targets the kidneys; stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
oxytocin (OXT)
targets the uterus and breasts; stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from breasts
melatonin
affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction
thyroxine (T4)
hormone that regulates metabolism by increasing metabolic rate
triiodothyronine (T3)
hormone that regulates metabolism; similar to thyroxine but has greater potency
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells; regulates blood glucose levels; increases blood glucose by promoting breakdown of glycogen (stored sugar) to glucose
insulin
secreted by beta cells; regulates blood glucose levels; decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose use by cells
thymosin
regulates immune responses
aldosterone
regulates electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
cortisol
aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress
epinephrine; adrenaline
aids body during stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and causes relaxation of bronchial airways
norepinephrine; noradrenaline
aids body during stress and increases blood pressure
estrogen
affects the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
progesterone
stimulates uterus in preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy
testosterone
affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics
acr/o
extremity, tip
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal glands
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
calc/i
calcium
cortic/o
cortex
crin/o
to secrete
dips/o
thirst
endocrin/o
endocrine
gluc/o, glucos/o
glucose, sugar
glyc/o, glycos/o
glucose, sugar
hormon/o
hormone
kal/i
potassium
natr/i
sodium
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
eu-
good, normal
hyper-
above, excessive
hypo-
below, deficient
poly-
many, much
-al, -ic
pertaining to
-emia
blood
-ism
condition of
-megaly
enlargement
-oid
resembling
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-uria
urine, urination
cortical
pertaining to the cortex
endogenous
produced inside the body
euthyroid
normal thyroid
exogenous
produced outside of the body
metabolism
all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissues
pancreatic
pertaining to the pancreas
postprandial
after a meal
thymic
pertaining to the thymus gland
acidemia
abnormally low blood pH (below 7.35)
acidosis
pathologic state characterized by an excessively acidic condition of the body fluids or tissues
acromegaly
disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion in adulthood causing thick bones in the extremities, especially the hands and feet
Addison disease
disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient cortisol; characterized by skin darkening, weakness, and loss of appetite
adenitis
inflammation of a lymph node or gland
adenomegaly
enlargement of a gland
adrenalitis
inflammation of an adrenal gland
adrenomegaly
enlargement of an adrenal gland
adrenalopathy
disease of the adrenal gland
alkalemia
abnormally high blood pH (above 7.45)
autoimmune disease
disorder in which normal tissue is destroyed by the body’s own immune system response
calcipenia
deficiency of calcium in tissues and body fluids
congenital hypothyroidism
condition that is present at birth and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency due to the absence of atrophy of the thyroid gland; leads to mental deficiency and dwarfism
Cushing syndrome
disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen and a “moon face” appearance
diabetes insipidus (DI)
disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst
diabetes mellitus (DM)
disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels
type 1 diabetes mellitus
diabete caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood; patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults; patient usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death
endocrinopathy
disease of an endocrine gland
exophthalmos
protruding or bulging of eyes from their sockets
gigantism; giantism
disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion before puberty; characterized by abnormally long bones
glucosuria; glycosuria
glucose (sugar) in the urine
goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone, causing goiter and exophthalmos
Hashimoto disease
autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis
hirsutism
excessive hair growth or hair growth in unusual places, especially in women
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
hyperglycemia
high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
hypernatremia
high levels of sodium in the blood
hyperparathyroidism
excessive hormone production by the parathyroid glands
hyperthyroidism
excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland
hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood
hypoglycemia
low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood
hypothyroidism
deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland
hypokalemia
low levels of potassium in the blood
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
hypoparathyroidism
deficient hormone production by the parathyroid gland
ketosis
excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in the blood
myxedema
severe hypothyroidism in an adult, characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
polydipsia
excessive thirst
polyuria
excessive and frequent urination
tetany
spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone
thyroiditis
inflammation of the thyroid gland
thyromegaly
enlargement of the thyroid gland
thyrotoxicosis
condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)
blood glucose; blood sugar
test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood
electrolyte panel
blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the blood
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting (not eating) for at least 8 hours
glucometer
device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a finger stick
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body’s ability to metabolize glucose
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled
thyroid function tests
blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood
thyroid-stimulating hormone level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood; used to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy
thyroxine level
blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid
thyroid scan
scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive dye, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland
adenectomy
excision of a gland
adrenalectomy
excision of an adrenal gland
pancreatectomy
excision of the pancreas
parathyroidectomy
excision of a parathyroid gland
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland
thyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid gland
thyroidotomy
incision into a thyroid gland
thyroparathyroidectomy
excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
antidiabetic
drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood
antithyroid
drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body
insulin pump
device worn of the body to infuse insulin
insulin therapy
method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
treatment used to replace hormones that are normally produced by the body
endocrinology
medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
DI
diabetes insipidus
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
diabetes mellitus
FBG
fasting blood glucose
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
HbA1c
glycosylated hemoglobin alpha 1c
131I
radioactive iodine
LH
luteinizing hormone
PTH
parathyroid hormone
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
T3
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
