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Medical Terminology > Endocrine 8 > Flashcards

Endocrine 8 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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2
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

consists of gland and hormones and maintains homeostasis

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3
Q

adrenal glands; suprarenal glands

A

triangular-shaped glands located above each kidney that secrete hormones that aid in metabolism, electrolyte balance, and stress reactions

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of the brain located near the pituitary gland that secretes releasing hormones that control the release of other hormones by the pituitary gland

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5
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

endocrine cells inside the pancreas that secrete hormones (glucagon and insulin) that aid carbohydrate (sugar) metabolism

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6
Q

ovaries

A

paired female reproductive organs that produce hormones and release oocytes (egg cells)

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7
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland that regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream

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8
Q

pineal gland

A

small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain that secretes melatonin, which affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

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9
Q

pituitary gland

A

pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands; “master gland”

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10
Q

testes; testicles

A

male reproductive glands, located in the scrotum, that produce sperm and testosterone

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11
Q

thymus gland

A

gland in the mediastinum (membranous partition in the thoracic cavity) that secretes thymosin, a hormone that regulates the immune system

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12
Q

thyroid gland

A

bilobed gland located in the neck that secretes thyroid hormone that is needed for cell growth and metabolism; largest endocrine gland

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13
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets the adrenal cortex; stimulates secretion of corticosteroids

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14
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and testosterone in males

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15
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

targets bones and other tissues; stimulates protein synthesis and body growth

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16
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

targets the ovaries and testes; stimulates secretion of progesterone in females and testosterone in males

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17
Q

prolactin

A

targets breast tissue; stimulates milk production

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18
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

targets the thyroid gland; stimulates the production of thyroid hormones for regulating metabolism

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19
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH); vasopressin

A

targets the kidneys; stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys

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20
Q

oxytocin (OXT)

A

targets the uterus and breasts; stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from breasts

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21
Q

melatonin

A

affects sleep-wake cycles and reproduction

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22
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

hormone that regulates metabolism by increasing metabolic rate

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23
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

hormone that regulates metabolism; similar to thyroxine but has greater potency

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24
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in blood and bones

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25
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha cells; regulates blood glucose levels; increases blood glucose by promoting breakdown of glycogen (stored sugar) to glucose

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26
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta cells; regulates blood glucose levels; decreases blood glucose by promoting glucose use by cells

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27
Q

thymosin

A

regulates immune responses

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28
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates electrolytes (sodium and potassium)

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29
Q

cortisol

A

aids in metabolism and also aids the body during stress

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30
Q

epinephrine; adrenaline

A

aids body during stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and causes relaxation of bronchial airways

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31
Q

norepinephrine; noradrenaline

A

aids body during stress and increases blood pressure

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32
Q

estrogen

A

affects the development of female sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics; regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy

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33
Q

progesterone

A

stimulates uterus in preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy

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34
Q

testosterone

A

affects development of sexual organs in males and secondary sexual characteristics

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35
Q

acr/o

A

extremity, tip

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36
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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37
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal glands

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38
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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39
Q

calc/i

A

calcium

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40
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex

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41
Q

crin/o

A

to secrete

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42
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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43
Q

endocrin/o

A

endocrine

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44
Q

gluc/o, glucos/o

A

glucose, sugar

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45
Q

glyc/o, glycos/o

A

glucose, sugar

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46
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

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47
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

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48
Q

natr/i

A

sodium

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49
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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50
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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51
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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52
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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53
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

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54
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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55
Q

hypo-

A

below, deficient

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56
Q

poly-

A

many, much

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57
Q

-al, -ic

A

pertaining to

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58
Q

-emia

A

blood

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59
Q

-ism

A

condition of

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60
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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61
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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62
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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63
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

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64
Q

-uria

A

urine, urination

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65
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the cortex

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66
Q

endogenous

A

produced inside the body

67
Q

euthyroid

A

normal thyroid

68
Q

exogenous

A

produced outside of the body

69
Q

metabolism

A

all physical and chemical changes that occur in tissues

70
Q

pancreatic

A

pertaining to the pancreas

71
Q

postprandial

A

after a meal

72
Q

thymic

A

pertaining to the thymus gland

73
Q

acidemia

A

abnormally low blood pH (below 7.35)

74
Q

acidosis

A

pathologic state characterized by an excessively acidic condition of the body fluids or tissues

75
Q

acromegaly

A

disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion in adulthood causing thick bones in the extremities, especially the hands and feet

76
Q

Addison disease

A

disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient cortisol; characterized by skin darkening, weakness, and loss of appetite

77
Q

adenitis

A

inflammation of a lymph node or gland

78
Q

adenomegaly

A

enlargement of a gland

79
Q

adrenalitis

A

inflammation of an adrenal gland

80
Q

adrenomegaly

A

enlargement of an adrenal gland

81
Q

adrenalopathy

A

disease of the adrenal gland

82
Q

alkalemia

A

abnormally high blood pH (above 7.45)

83
Q

autoimmune disease

A

disorder in which normal tissue is destroyed by the body’s own immune system response

84
Q

calcipenia

A

deficiency of calcium in tissues and body fluids

85
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

condition that is present at birth and is caused by thyroid hormone deficiency due to the absence of atrophy of the thyroid gland; leads to mental deficiency and dwarfism

86
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

disease caused by excessive cortisol production by the adrenal glands; characterized by fat pads in the chest and abdomen and a “moon face” appearance

87
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

disorder caused by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone production by the pituitary gland resulting in excessive urination and excessive thirst

88
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

disorder caused by deficiency of insulin and/or insulin resistance causing poor carbohydrate metabolism and high blood glucose levels

89
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

diabete caused by a total lack of insulin production; usually develops in childhood; patients require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

90
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

diabetes caused by either a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin efficiently; usually develops in middle-aged or older adults; patient usually do not require insulin replacement therapy to control the disorder

91
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in blood due to breakdown of stored fats for energy; a complication of diabetes mellitus; if left untreated, can lead to coma and death

92
Q

endocrinopathy

A

disease of an endocrine gland

93
Q

exophthalmos

A

protruding or bulging of eyes from their sockets

94
Q

gigantism; giantism

A

disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion before puberty; characterized by abnormally long bones

95
Q

glucosuria; glycosuria

A

glucose (sugar) in the urine

96
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

97
Q

Graves disease

A

condition of excessive secretion of thyroid hormone, causing goiter and exophthalmos

98
Q

Hashimoto disease

A

autoimmune disease causing chronic thyroiditis

99
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive hair growth or hair growth in unusual places, especially in women

100
Q

hypercalcemia

A

high levels of calcium in the blood

101
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

102
Q

hyperkalemia

A

high levels of potassium in the blood

103
Q

hypernatremia

A

high levels of sodium in the blood

104
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive hormone production by the parathyroid glands

105
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excessive hormone production by the thyroid gland

106
Q

hypocalcemia

A

low levels of calcium in the blood

107
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

108
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficient hormone production by the thyroid gland

108
Q

hypokalemia

A

low levels of potassium in the blood

108
Q

hyponatremia

A

low levels of sodium in the blood

109
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

deficient hormone production by the parathyroid gland

110
Q

ketosis

A

excessive ketones (compounds produced during fat metabolism) in the blood

111
Q

myxedema

A

severe hypothyroidism in an adult, characterized by pale dry skin, brittle hair, and sluggishness

112
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

113
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

114
Q

polyuria

A

excessive and frequent urination

115
Q

tetany

A

spasms of nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood caused by deficient production of parathyroid hormone

116
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid gland

117
Q

thyromegaly

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

118
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

condition of excessively high levels of thyroid hormone (either endogenous or exogenous)

119
Q

blood glucose; blood sugar

A

test to measure the amount of glucose in the blood

120
Q

electrolyte panel

A

blood test to measure the amount of sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide in the blood

121
Q

fasting blood glucose (FBG)

A

blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting (not eating) for at least 8 hours

122
Q

glucometer

A

device for measuring blood glucose levels from a drop of blood obtained by a finger stick

123
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

blood test that measures the amount of glucose in the blood after administering a dose of glucose to the patient; used to gauge the body’s ability to metabolize glucose

124
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

A

blood test that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood over the previous few months; used to indicate how well diabetes mellitus is being controlled

125
Q

thyroid function tests

A

blood tests that measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood

126
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone level

A

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood; used to diagnosis hyperthyroidism or to monitor thyroid replacement therapy

127
Q

thyroxine level

A

blood test that measures the amount of thyroxine in the blood to diagnose hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

128
Q

radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)

A

test of thyroid function by measuring the uptake of iodine by the thyroid

129
Q

thyroid scan

A

scan of the thyroid gland using a radioactive dye, ultrasound, or computed tomography to show the size, shape, and position of the thyroid gland

130
Q

adenectomy

A

excision of a gland

131
Q

adrenalectomy

A

excision of an adrenal gland

132
Q

pancreatectomy

A

excision of the pancreas

133
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of a parathyroid gland

134
Q

thymectomy

A

excision of the thymus gland

135
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the thyroid gland

136
Q

thyroidotomy

A

incision into a thyroid gland

137
Q

thyroparathyroidectomy

A

excision of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

138
Q

antidiabetic

A

drug used to treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood

139
Q

antithyroid

A

drug used to treat overproduction of thyroid hormone

140
Q

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)

A

infusion of insulin to subcutaneous tissues by a device worn on the body

141
Q

insulin pump

A

device worn of the body to infuse insulin

142
Q

insulin therapy

A

method used to treat diabetes mellitus by replacing natural insulin

143
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A

treatment used to replace hormones that are normally produced by the body

144
Q

endocrinology

A

medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system

145
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

146
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

147
Q

CSII

A

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

148
Q

DI

A

diabetes insipidus

149
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

150
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

151
Q

FBG

A

fasting blood glucose

152
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

153
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

154
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

155
Q

HbA1c

A

glycosylated hemoglobin alpha 1c

156
Q

131I

A

radioactive iodine

157
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

158
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

159
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

160
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

161
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

162
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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