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Medical Terminology > Cardiovascular and Lymphatic 10 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one complete heartbeat that includes contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of both atria (upper heart chambers) and both ventricles (lower heart chambers)

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2
Q

cardiovascular system

A

composed of the heart and blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and carry away cellular wastes

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3
Q

heart

A

hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and propels blood through the arteries

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4
Q

apex

A

the lower pointed end of the heart formed by the left ventricle

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5
Q

coronary circulation

A

blood supply to the heart tissue

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6
Q

septum

A

wall of heart tissue separating the right and left sides

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7
Q

atrium

A

upper receiving chamber of the heart; right and left atria

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8
Q

ventricle

A

lower pumping chamber of the heart; right and left ventricle

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9
Q

endocardium

A

inner lining of the heart

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10
Q

myocardium

A

middle muscular layer of the heart

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11
Q

epicardium

A

outer lining of the heart

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12
Q

pericardium

A

sac around the heart that facilitates movement of the heart as it beats

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13
Q

aortic valve

A

heart valve between the left ventricle and aorta (main artery of the heart)

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14
Q

mitral valve

A

heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve

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15
Q

pulmonary valve

A

heart valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; semilunar valve

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16
Q

tricuspid valve

A

heart valve between the right atrium and right ventricle

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17
Q

blood vessels

A

tubular structures that transport blood

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18
Q

capillary

A

microscopic thin-walled vessel connecting arterioles and venules where gas, nutrient, and waste exchange take place between the blood and cells of the body

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19
Q

lumen

A

interior space of a vessel

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20
Q

aorta

A

largest artery that begins as an arch from the left ventricle then branches and descends through the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

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21
Q

artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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22
Q

arteriole

A

small artery that connects an artery to a capillary

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23
Q

inferior vena cava

A

large vein carrying blood to the heart from the lower part of the body

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24
Q

superior vena cava

A

large vein carrying blood to the heart from the upper part of the body

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25
Q

venule

A

small vein that connects a capillary to a vein

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26
Q

vein

A

vessel carrying blood to the heart

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27
Q

lymph

A

clear fluid consisting of fluctuating amounts of white blood cells and a few red blood cells; bathes tissues and is removed by the lymph capillaries

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28
Q

lymph nodes; lymph glands

A

small bean-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that filter bacteria and foreign material from the lymph; located on larger lymph vessels in the cervical, mediastinal, axillary, and inguinal regions

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29
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vessels transporting lymph from the body tissues to the venous system

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30
Q

lymph capillaries

A

microscopic thin-walled lymph that pick up lymph, proteins, and waste from body tissues

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31
Q

lymph ducts

A

the largest lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to the venous system; right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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32
Q

angi/o

A

vessel, vascular

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33
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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34
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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35
Q

ather/o

A

fatty, fatty deposit

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36
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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37
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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38
Q

coron/o

A

encircling, crown

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39
Q

electr/o

A

electric, electricity

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40
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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41
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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42
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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43
Q

scler/o

A

hard

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44
Q

son/o

A

sound, sound waves

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45
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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46
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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47
Q

thorac/o

A

chest, thorax

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48
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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49
Q

valv/o, valvul/o

A

valve

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50
Q

vas/o, vascul/o

A

blood vessel

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51
Q

varic/o

A

swollen or twisted vein

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52
Q

ven/i, ven/o

A

veins

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53
Q

ventricul/o

A

normal cavity, ventricle

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54
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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55
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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56
Q

brady-

A

slow

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57
Q

de-

A

away from, cessation, without

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58
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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59
Q

epi-

A

on, following

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60
Q

inter-

A

between

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61
Q

intra-

A

within

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62
Q

peri-

A

around, surrounding

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63
Q

tachy-

A

rapid, fast

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64
Q

tel-

A

end

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65
Q

trans-

A

across, through

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66
Q

tri-

A

three

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67
Q

-al, -ar, -ary, -ic

A

pertaining to

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68
Q

-ectasia

A

dilation, stretching

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69
Q

-gram

A

record, recording

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70
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording

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71
Q

-graphy

A

recording, writing, description

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72
Q

-icle, -ole, -ule

A

small

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73
Q

-lytic

A

pertaining to destruction, breakdown, seperation

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74
Q

-ium

A

tissue, structure

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75
Q

-stenosis

A

stricture, narrowing

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76
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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77
Q

arteriovenous (AV)

A

relating to both an artery and a vein or both arteries and veins in general

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78
Q

atrioventricular (AV)

A

relating to both the atria and ventricles of the heart

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79
Q

cardiovascular

A

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

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80
Q

constriction

A

contracted or narrowed portion of a structure

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81
Q

cyanotic

A

pertaining to a blue or purple discoloration due to deoxygenated blood

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82
Q

deoxygenate

A

to remove oxygen

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83
Q

diastole

A

the relaxation phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood

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84
Q

ischemic

A

pertaining to a lack of blood flow

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85
Q

oxygenate

A

to add oxygen

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86
Q

paroxysmal

A

sudden

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87
Q

patent

A

open or exposed

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88
Q

precordial

A

pertaining to the portion of body over the heart and the anterior lower chest

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89
Q

sphygmic

A

pertaining to the pulse

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90
Q

stenotic

A

pertaining to the condition of narrowing

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91
Q

supraventricular

A

pertaining to above the ventricles

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92
Q

systole

A

the contraction phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries and ventricles

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93
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

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94
Q

thrombotic

A

pertaining to a thrombus or blood clot

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95
Q

varicose

A

pertaining to a swollen or twisted vein

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96
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

chest pain and other signs and symptoms associated with cardiac ischemia

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97
Q

aneurysm

A

dilation of an artery; usually due to a weakness in the wall of the artery

98
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain or pressure resulting from lack of blood flow to the myocardium

99
Q

angiostenosis

A

narrowing of a blood vessel

100
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of the aortic valve opening

101
Q

arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD)

A

hardening or loss of elasticity of the arteries

102
Q

atherosclerosis

A

buildup of plaque or fatty deposits on inner arterial walls

103
Q

cardiac arrest

A

complete, sudden cessation of cardiac activity

104
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart due to an increase of fluid in the pericardium

105
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

106
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle

107
Q

cardiopathy

A

any disease of the heart

108
Q

cardiovalvulitis

A

inflammation of the valves of the heart

109
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension, ventricular strain, and ischemia

110
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

weakness of the heart causing an inability to circulate blood, leading to edema and fluid buildup in the lungs

111
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

narrowing of coronary arteries causing a decrease of blood flow or ischemia to the myocardium

112
Q

coronary occlusion

A

blockage of a coronary vessel often leading to a myocardial infarction

113
Q

embolus

A

vascular blockage made up of a thrombus, bacteria, air, plaque, and/or other foreign material

114
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the endocardium, usually caused by bacterial infection elsewhere in the body

115
Q

hypertension

A

persistently elevated (high) blood pressure

116
Q

hypotension

A

blood pressure that is below normal

117
Q

intermittent claudication

A

cramping of the lower leg muscles, usually caused by lack of blood flow

118
Q

ischemia

A

inadequate supply of blood to the tissues

119
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

backward movement of the mitral valve cusps allowing regurgitation (backflow of blood)

120
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve opening, usually by scarring from rheumatic fever

121
Q

murmur

A

abnormal heart sound

122
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death of heart tissue, usually due to coronary artery occlusion

123
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle

124
Q

occulsion

A

blockage or closure

125
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardial sac around the heart

126
Q

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

A

any disorder of the arteries outside, or peripheral to, the heart

127
Q

plaque

A

fat or lipid deposit on an arterial wall

128
Q

polyarteritis

A

inflammation of many arteries

129
Q

Raynaud disease; Raynaud syndrome

A

cyanosis of the fingers or toes due to vascular constriction, usually caused by cold temperatures or emotional stress

130
Q

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

valvular disease resulting from a rheumatic fever, a syndrome that occurs after streptococcal bacterial infection

131
Q

stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of a vessel or body passage

132
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

133
Q

arrhythmia

A

irregularity of the heartbeat resulting in abnormal rhythm

134
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (under 50 beats per minute)

135
Q

dysrhythmia

A

defective heart rhythm

136
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid irregular muscular contractions of the atria or ventricles

137
Q

flutter

A

rapid regular muscular contractions of the atria or ventricles

138
Q

palpitation

A

forceful or irregular heartbeat felt by the patient

139
Q

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

A

early contraction of the ventricles

140
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal cardiac rhythm proceeding from the sinoatrial node (heart’s pacemaker)

141
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate (over 90 beats per minute)

142
Q

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot formation in a deep vein, usually in the legs or pelvic region

143
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

144
Q

telangiectasia

A

dilation of capillaries

145
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein with formation of a blood clot

146
Q

varicose vein

A

swollen and/or twisted veins, usually of the legs

147
Q

edema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in intercellular spaces; can be by blockage of lymphatic vessels

148
Q

elephantiasis

A

swelling in the lower extremities due to blockage of lymphatic vessels, commonly caused by filariae (parasitic worm)

149
Q

filariae

A

small parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes; the worms invade tissues as embryos and block lymphatic vessels as they grow

150
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of the lymph nodes

151
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

disease of the lymph nodes; usually causes enlargement of the nodes

152
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation of a lymphatic vessel

153
Q

lymphedema

A

edema due to a blocked lymph node or lymphatic vessel

154
Q

pitting edema

A

edema that retains an indentation of a finger that had been pressed firmly on the skin

155
Q

cardiac enzyme tests

A

blood tests used to measure the levels of creatine kinase (CK), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); increases in such levels may indicate a myocardial infarction

156
Q

cardiac troponin

A

blood test used to measure the level of a protein that is released in the blood when myocardial (heart muscle) cells die

157
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

blood test used to measure the level of inflammation in the body; may indicate conditions that lead to cardiovascular disease

158
Q

electrolyte panel

A

blood test used to measure the levels of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and carbon dioxide (CO2); used to diagnose an acid-base pr pH imbalance that may cause arrhythmias, muscle damage, or death

159
Q

lipid panel; lipid profile

A

blood test used to measure the levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides, all of which may signal an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

160
Q

angioscopy

A

insertion of a catheter with an attached camera to visualize a structure or vessel

161
Q

aortography

A

x-ray imaging of the aorta after injection of a dye

162
Q

arteriography

A

x-ray imaging of an artery or arteries after injection of a dye

163
Q

coronary angiography; cardiac catheterization

A

imaging of the circulation of the heart and major vessels after injection of a dye

164
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging techique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures

165
Q

magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

MRI of the heart and blood vessels with injection of dye

166
Q

multiple uptake gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

A

nuclear medicine technique used to assess ventricular function by producing an image of a beating heart

167
Q

sonography; ultrasonography

A

use of ultrasonic sound waves to visualize internal organs

168
Q

Doppler sonography (DS)

A

technique used to record velocity of blood flow

169
Q

echocardiography

A

the use of ultrasound to investigate heart function at rest and with exercise

170
Q

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

A

placement of the ultrasonic transducer inside the patient’s esophagus to assess cardiac function and examine cardiac structures

171
Q

vascular sonography

A

placement of the ultrasound transducer at the tip of a catheter within a blood vessel to assess blood flow

172
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan

A

nuclear medicine technique used to assess ventricular function by producing a three-dimensional image of a beating heart

173
Q

venography

A

x-ray imaging of a vein after injection of a dye

174
Q

ventriculography

A

imaging of the heart ventricles after injection of a dye or radioactive substance (radionuclide)

175
Q

auscultation

A

listening to body sounds with a stethoscope

176
Q

blood pressure (BP) monitoring

A

auscultation of the systolic and diastolic arterial pressure using a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)

177
Q

electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

A

graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity; the waves are labeled with the letters P, Q, R, S, and T

178
Q

exercise stress test; graded exercise test (GXT), stress electrocardiogram

A

electrocardiogram performed with controlled stress, usually with a treadmill or bicycle

179
Q

Holter monitor (HM)

A

portable electrocardiographic device usually worn for 24 hours

180
Q

percussion

A

physical examination method of firmly tapping a part of the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity or organ

181
Q

pulse

A

palpable throbbing of an artery with each heartbeat, usually felt at the wrist or neck

182
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

device used for measuring blood pressure

183
Q

stethoscope

A

instrument used to hear sounds within the body

184
Q

lymphangiography

A

imaging of the lymphatic vessels using an injected dye

185
Q

scintigraphy

A

procedure using a scintillation (gamma) camera in which lymphatic absorption of a radioactive substance leads to a computer-generated image

186
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a vessel

187
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

excision of an aneurysm

188
Q

atherectomy

A

removal of fatty plaque from a vessel surgically or using catheterization

189
Q

cardiac pacemaker

A

surgically placed mechanical device connected to stimulating leads (electrodes) on or within the heart, programmed to help maintain normal heart rate and rhythm

190
Q

cardioversion

A

use of defibrillation or drugs to restore the heart’s normal rhythm

191
Q

coronary artery bypass; aortocoronary bypass (ACB)

A

conduit, usually a vein graft or internal thoracic artery, surgically placed between the aorta and a coronary artery branch to shunt blood around an obstruction

192
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

surgical procedure in which a damaged section of a coronary artery is replaced or bypassed with a graft vessel

193
Q

defibrillation

A

use of an electric shock to stop fibrillation or cardiac arrest

194
Q

embolectomy

A

surgical removal of an embolus or blood clot, usually with a catheter

195
Q

endarterectomy

A

surgical removal of fatty deposits in an artery

196
Q

graft

A

tissue, organ, vessel, used for transplantation

197
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the pericardium

198
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

procedure in which a balloon catheter is used to restore blood flow in a blocked vessel

199
Q

phlebectomy

A

excision of a segment of a vein, sometimes done to treat varicose veins

200
Q

stent

A

intravascular insertion of a hollow mesh tube designed to keep a vessel open or patent

201
Q

valve replacement

A

surgical replacement of a valve with a biologic or mechanical device

202
Q

valvotomy

A

incision into a valve

203
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

204
Q

adenectomy

A

excision of a gland

205
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

excision of a lymph node

206
Q

lymphadenotomy

A

incision into a lymph node

207
Q

anticoagulant

A

drug used to prevent or inhibit blood clotting

208
Q

antiarrhythmic agent

A

drug used to suppress fast or irregular heart rhythms

209
Q

hemostatic agent

A

drug that stops the flow of blood within vessels

210
Q

hypolipidemic agent

A

drug used to lower blood cholesterol levels

211
Q

nitroglycerin

A

vasodilator used for angina pectoris

212
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

administration of an intravenous (IV) drug to dissolve a blood clot

213
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

drug that narrows (constricts) blood vessel diameter, which increase blood pressure

214
Q

vasodilator

A

drug that increases (dilates) blood vessel diameter, which decrease blood pressure

215
Q

cardiology

A

medical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of heart disease

216
Q

cardiac electrophysiology

A

medical speciality concerned with the electrical activities of the heart

217
Q

lymphedema therapy

A

medical speciality concerned with the treatment of lymphedema

218
Q

ACB

A

aortocoronary bypass

219
Q

ACS

A

acute coronary syndrome

220
Q

ASHD

A

arteriosclerosis heart disease

221
Q

AV

A

arteriovenous, atrioventricular

222
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

223
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

224
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

225
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

226
Q

DS

A

Doppler sonography

227
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

228
Q

GXT

A

graded exercise test

228
Q

ECG or EKG

A

electrocardiography

229
Q

HM

A

Holter monitor

230
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

231
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

232
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

233
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

234
Q

MUGA

A

multiple uptake gated acquisition

235
Q

PAD

A

peripheral arterial disease

236
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

237
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contraction

238
Q

RHD

A

rheumatic heart disease

239
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

240
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiography

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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