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Medical Terminology > Musculoskeletal 5 > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

maintains posture, protects vital organs, stores minerals, and generates heat

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2
Q

how many bones does the body have?

A

206

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3
Q

axial skeleton

A

bones of the head, neck, and trunk

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4
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the arms, legs, and girdles

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5
Q

bones meet at what

A

joints

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6
Q

bones function

A

storing calcium and other minerals

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7
Q

red blood marrow function

A

producing blood cells

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8
Q

muscles function

A

producing heat

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9
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue within bone

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10
Q

compact bone

A

harder, denser bone

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11
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft of a long bone

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12
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the central medullary cavity

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

the wider ends of a longer bone

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14
Q

epiphysial plate

A

the growth area of a long bone

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15
Q

medullary cavity

A

space within a long bone’s shaft filled with bone marrow

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16
Q

metaphysis

A

section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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17
Q

osteoblast

A

bone-forming cell

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18
Q

osteoclast

A

bone-destroying cell

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19
Q

osteocyte

A

mature bone cell

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20
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane surrounding a bone

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21
Q

spongy bone

A

mesh-like bone tissue

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22
Q

thorax

A

chest

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23
Q

acetabulum

A

the socket of the hip bone where the femur articulates

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24
Q

acromion

A

lateral upper section of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle

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25
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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26
Q

carpal bones

A

the eight bones of the wrist

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27
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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28
Q

cranium

A

the skull

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29
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

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30
Q

fibula

A

smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg

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31
Q

hip bone; pelvic bone

A

large flat bone composed of three fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) on each side

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32
Q

ilium

A

superior broad part of the hip bone

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33
Q

ischium

A

inferior, rearmost part of the hip bone

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34
Q

pubis

A

anterior lower section of the hip bone; pubic bone

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35
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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36
Q

hyoid

A

U-shaped bone that supports the tongue

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37
Q

lamina

A

posterior section of the vertebral arch

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38
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

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39
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone

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40
Q

metacarpal bones

A

the five bones of the hand between the wrist and fingers

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41
Q

metatarsal bones

A

the five bones of the foot between the ankle and toes

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42
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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43
Q

phalanges

A

bones of the fingers and toes

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44
Q

radius

A

outer forearm bone

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45
Q

ribs

A

long curved bones that form the bony walls of the chest

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46
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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47
Q

sternum

A

anterior bone of thorax; breast bone

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48
Q

tarsal bones

A

the seven bones of the ankle

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49
Q

tibia

A

larger inner bone of the lower leg; shin bone

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50
Q

ulna

A

inner forearm bone

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51
Q

vertebra

A

bone of the vertebral column (spine)

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52
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

7

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53
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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54
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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55
Q

sacrum

A

triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar spine

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56
Q

coccyx

A

three to five fused vertebrae at the inferior end of the spine; tailbone

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57
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower section of the sternum

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58
Q

articulation

A

the site where bones come together; joint

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59
Q

bursa

A

a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints

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60
Q

cartilage

A

dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints

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61
Q

synovial joint

A

a joint that moves freely and contains synovial fluid in its cavity

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62
Q

intervertebral disc

A

mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

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63
Q

ligament

A

band of strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage at a joint

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64
Q

meniscus

A

cartilage structure in the knee

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65
Q

suture

A

immovable fibrous joint found joining the skull bones

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66
Q

symphysis

A

joint that moves only slightly

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67
Q

synovial fluid

A

lubricating fluid in a freely moveable joint

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68
Q

tendon

A

band of fibrous connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone

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69
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the body’s midline

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70
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the body’s midline

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71
Q

circumduction

A

moving in a circular manner, as when throwing a ball

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72
Q

inversion

A

turning the foot sole inward

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73
Q

eversion

A

turning the foot sole outward

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74
Q

dorsiflexion

A

bending the foot upward toward the tibia

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75
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending the foot downward to point the toes

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76
Q

extension

A

motion that increases the joint angle

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77
Q

flexion

A

motion that decreases the joint angle

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78
Q

pronation

A

turning the palm downward or the foot sole outward

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79
Q

supination

A

turning the palm upward or the foot sole upward

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80
Q

rotation

A

moving in circular direction around an axis

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81
Q

what are the three muscle tissues?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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82
Q

tendons

A

attach muscles to bones

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83
Q

agonist

A

skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting

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84
Q

antagonist

A

skeletal muscle that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist contracts

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85
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle

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86
Q

fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle

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87
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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88
Q

insertion of muscle

A

end of muscle attached to bone that moves during contraction

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89
Q

origin of muscle

A

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

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90
Q

smooth muscle

A

nonstriated, voluntary muscle tissue lining organs and blood vessels

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91
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones

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92
Q

tonicity

A

muscle tone

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93
Q

ankyl/o

A

stiff

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94
Q

anthr/o, articul/o

A

joint

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95
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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96
Q

carp/o

A

carpal (wrist) bones

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97
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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98
Q

clavic/o, clavicul/o

A

clavicle

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99
Q

cervi/o

A

neck

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100
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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101
Q

crani/o

A

cranium, skull

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102
Q

disc/o

A

disc or disk

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103
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, band

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104
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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105
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula

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106
Q

humer/o

A

humerus

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107
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

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108
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium

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109
Q

kinesi/o, kinet/o

A

movement

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110
Q

kyph/o

A

humpback

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111
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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112
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina (plate)

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113
Q

lord/o

A

curved, bent

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114
Q

lumb/o

A

lumbar region, lower back

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115
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jawbone)

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116
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla (upper jawbone)

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117
Q

menisc/o

A

meniscus

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118
Q

my/o, mys/o, muscul/o

A

muscle

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119
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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120
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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121
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

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122
Q

pelv/i, pelv/o

A

pelvis, pelvic cavity

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123
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (bones of digits)

124
Q

pub/o

A

pubis

125
Q

rachi/o

A

spine

126
Q

radi/o

A

radius

127
Q

rhabd/o

A

striated muscle

128
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

129
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

130
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, twisted

131
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breast bone)

132
Q

synovi/o

A

synovial joint or fluid

133
Q

tars/o

A

tarsal bones

134
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon

135
Q

thorac/o

A

thorax, chest

136
Q

ton/o

A

tone, tension

137
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

138
Q

vertebr/o, spondyl/o

A

vertebra

139
Q

inter-

A

between

140
Q

intra-

A

within

141
Q

supra-

A

above

142
Q

sub-

A

below, beneath

143
Q

sym-, syn-

A

together, with

144
Q

-algia

A

pain

145
Q

-asthenia

A

weakness

146
Q

-centesis

A

puncture to aspirate

147
Q

-clasia, -clasis, -clast

A

to break

148
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

149
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

150
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

151
Q

-physis

A

growth

152
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair, reconstruction

153
Q

-porosis

A

pore, passage

154
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

155
Q

-schisis

A

to split

156
Q

-trophy

A

development, nourishment

157
Q

carpal

A

pertaining to the carpal bones

158
Q

costovertebral

A

pertaining to the ribs and thoracic vertebrae

159
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the skull

160
Q

femoral

A

pertaining to the femur

161
Q

humeral

A

pertaining to the humerus

162
Q

iliofemoral

A

pertaining to the ilium and femur

163
Q

intercostal

A

pertaining to the area between the ribs

164
Q

intervertebral

A

pertaining to the area between vertebrae

165
Q

intracranial

A

pertaining to the area within the skull

166
Q

ischiofemoral

A

pertaining to the ischium and femur

167
Q

lumbar

A

pertaining to the lower back

168
Q

lumbocostal

A

pertaining to lumbar vertebrae and ribs

169
Q

lumbosacral

A

pertaining to lumbar vertebrae and sacrum

170
Q

osseous

A

pertaining to bone

171
Q

pelvic

A

pertaining to the pelvis or pelvic cavity

172
Q

sacral

A

pertaining to sacrum

173
Q

sacrovertebral

A

pertaining to the sacrum and the vertebrae above

174
Q

sternoclavicular

A

pertaining to the sternum and clavicle

175
Q

sternoid

A

resembling the sternum

176
Q

subcostal

A

pertaining to the area below a rib or below the ribs

177
Q

submandibular

A

pertaining to the area below the mandible

178
Q

submaxillary

A

pertaining to the area below the maxilla

179
Q

subscapular

A

pertaining to the area below the scapula

180
Q

substernal

A

pertaining to the area below the sternum

181
Q

suprapatellar

A

pertaining to the area above the patella

182
Q

suprascapular

A

pertaining to the area above the scapula

183
Q

synovial

A

pertaining to, containing, or consisting of synovial fluid

184
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

arthritis of the spine

185
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal condition of stiffening or fixation of a joint

186
Q

arthralgia

A

pain in a joint

187
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint

188
Q

arthrochondritis

A

inflammation of an articular cartilage

189
Q

atrophy

A

wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body

190
Q

bradykinesia

A

condition of decreased movement

191
Q

bunion

A

swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint caused by inflammatory bursa

192
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

193
Q

bursolith

A

a calculus (stone) formed in a bursa

194
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

entrapment of the median nerve at the wrist causing pain

195
Q

carpoptosis

A

paralysis of wrist and finger muscles

196
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of any cartilage

197
Q

cranioschisis

A

congenital malformation of incomplete closure of the skull

198
Q

curvature of the spine

A

curving of the spine in one or more directions

199
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal forward curvature; humpback

200
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal backward curvature

201
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature

202
Q

dyskinesia

A

difficulty performing voluntary movements

203
Q

dystrophy

A

abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, often resulting from nutritional deficiency

204
Q

exostosis

A

bony projection that develops from cartilage

205
Q

fibromyalgia

A

condition of chronic aching and stiffness of muscles and soft tissues of unknown cause

206
Q

fracture (fx)

A

a break in a bone or cartilage

207
Q

gout

A

metabolic disorder involving painful deposits of uric acid crystals in connective tissue and articular cartilage

208
Q

herniated disc

A

protrusion of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc into the vertebral canal

209
Q

hyperkinesia

A

condition of excessive muscular movements

210
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased development of a part or organ not caused by a tumor

211
Q

maxillitis

A

inflammation of the maxilla

212
Q

meniscitis

A

inflammation of a meniscus

213
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

hereditary condition causing progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles

214
Q

myalgia

A

condition of muscular pain

215
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

neuromuscular disorder causing weakness and fatigue of voluntary muscles

216
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of a muscle

217
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

218
Q

osteoarthritis

A

joint inflammation involving erosion and inflammation of articular cartilage

219
Q

osteochondritis

A

inflammation of a bone and its articular cartilage

220
Q

osteomalacia

A

condition of bone softening

221
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone marrow

222
Q

osteonecrosis

A

death of bone tissue

223
Q

osteoporosis

A

are-related disorder of decreased bone mass and weakening

224
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of multiple voluntary muscles

225
Q

rachischisis

A

embryologic failure of vertebral arches to fuse

226
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

disease causing progressive destructive changes and inflammation in multiple joints, especially in the hands and feet

227
Q

rickets

A

disease caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood, involving skeletal deformities and muscular weakness

228
Q

spondylarthritis

A

inflammation of intervertebral articulations

229
Q

sprain

A

injury of a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive forces on a joint

230
Q

strain

A

injury of a muscle caused by overuse

231
Q

tendonitis, tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendon

232
Q

tenodynia

A

condition of pain in a tendon

233
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of a tendon and its sheath

234
Q

creatine kinase (CK)

A

test for the presences of the enzyme creatine kinase in the blood, which may cause muscle weakness or pain

235
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

time management of red blood cells settling in a test tube over one hour

236
Q

rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

blood test used to. help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis

237
Q

synovial fluid analysis

A

test for the presence of crystals caused by some conditions, such as arthritis, and the presence of signs of joint infection

238
Q

uric acid test

A

test for elevated presence of uric acid in the blood, indicating gout

239
Q

arthography

A

x-ray imaging of a joint using a contrast dye

240
Q

arthroscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint

241
Q

bone densitometry

A

x-ray technique for determining density of bone

242
Q

bone scan

A

nuclear medicine imaging of bone used to diagnose bone disorders

243
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

x-ray technique that produces computer-generated cross-sectional images

244
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

diagnostic test that produces a graphic record of electric currents associated with muscular action

245
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures

246
Q

radiography

A

examination of any part of the body by x-rays

247
Q

range of motion (ROM) testing

A

measurement of the amount of movement allowed in a joint

248
Q

arthrocentesis

A

needle puncture to remove fluid from a joint

249
Q

arthroclasia

A

surgical breaking of adhesions (abnormal unions of membranes) in ankylosis

250
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical artificial stiffening of a joint

251
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical restoration of joint function

252
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of a bursa

253
Q

carpectomy

A

excision of part or all of the carpal bones

254
Q

chondrectomy

A

excision of cartilage

255
Q

chondroplasty

A

surgical repair of cartilage

256
Q

costectomy

A

excision of a rib

257
Q

cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of the skull

258
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical creation of an opening (incision) into the skull

259
Q

discectomy

A

surgical removal of part or all of an intervertebral disc

260
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of a vertebral lamina

261
Q

laminotomy

A

enlargement of the intervertebral foramen by excision of a portion of the lamina to relieve spinal nerve root pressure

262
Q

maxillotomy

A

surgical sectioning of the maxilla to allow movement in all or part of the maxilla

263
Q

meniscectomy

A

excision of a menscious, usually from the knee joint

264
Q

myoplasty

A

surgical repair of muscular tissue

265
Q

myorrhaphy

A

suture of a muscle

266
Q

open reduction

A

surgical repair of a fracture by making an incision into the skin and muscle at the site of the fracture, manually moving the bones into alignment, and fixing the bones in place with surgical wires, screws, pins, rods, or plates

267
Q

ostectomy

A

excision of bone tissue

268
Q

osteoclasis

A

intentional fracture of a bone to correct deformity

269
Q

patellectomy

A

excision of the patella

270
Q

phalangectomy

A

excision of one or more phalanges of the hand or foot

271
Q

reduction

A

manipulative or surgical procedure to restore a part to its normal position, such as by reducing a fracture

272
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

surgical procedure to create ankylosis between two or more vertebrae

273
Q

synovectomy

A

excision of part or all of a joint’s synovial membrane

274
Q

tarsectomy

A

excision of part or all of the tarsal bones

275
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

suture of the divided ends of a tendon

276
Q

traction

A

a pulling force exerted on a limb or other part of the body to maintain a desired position for healing

277
Q

orthosis

A

external orthopedic device, such as a brace or splint

278
Q

prosthetic

A

artificial body part

279
Q

analgesic

A

a drug that relieves pain without producing anesthesia

280
Q

corticosteroid

A

a drug that reduces inflammation around joints

281
Q

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

a drug (aspirin or ibuprofen) with anti inflammatory action

282
Q

skeletal muscle relaxant

A

a drug that relaxes skeletal muscle spasms and spasticity

283
Q

chiropractic

A

health care discipline involving physical manipulation of musculoskeletal structures

284
Q

orthopedics

A

medical speciality focusing on diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system

285
Q

orthotics

A

the science of making and fitting orthopedic devices

286
Q

osteopathy

A

school of medicine emphasizing manipulative measures in addition to techniques of conventional medicine

287
Q

podiatry

A

medical speciality focusing on diagnosis and treatment of foot disorders

288
Q

rheumatology

A

medical speciality focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions

289
Q

C1-C7

A

cervical vertebrae 1-7

290
Q

CK

A

creatine kinase

291
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

292
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

293
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

294
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

295
Q

Fx

A

fracture

296
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar vertebrae 1-5

297
Q

MD

A

muscular dystrophy

298
Q

MG

A

myasthenia gravis

299
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

300
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

301
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

302
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction, internal fixation

303
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid athritis

304
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

305
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

306
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic 1-12

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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