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Medical Terminology > Oncology 16 > Flashcards

Oncology 16 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ablat/o

A

to take away

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2
Q

bi/o

A

life

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3
Q

cancer/o

A

cancer

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4
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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5
Q

chem/o

A

chemical, drug

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6
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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7
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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8
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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9
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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10
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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11
Q

melan/o

A

black, dark

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12
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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13
Q

path/o

A

disease

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14
Q

plas/o

A

growth, formation

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15
Q

radi/o

A

x-rays, radiation

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16
Q

rhabd/o

A

striated muscle

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17
Q

sarc/o

A

muscle, flesh

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18
Q

squam/o

A

scale-like structure

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19
Q

chondro-

A

cartilage

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20
Q

dys-

A

painful, difficult, abnormal

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21
Q

intra-

A

within

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22
Q

leio-

A

smooth

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23
Q

mal-

A

bad, poor

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24
Q

meta-

A

change, beyond

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25
Q

neo-

A

new

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26
Q

para-

A

beside

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27
Q

trans-

A

across, through

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28
Q

-gen

A

origin, production

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29
Q

-genic

A

originating, producing

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30
Q

-oma

A

tumor or neoplasm

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31
Q

scopy

A

viewing, examining, or observing with an instrument

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32
Q

benign

A

nonmalignant form of a neoplasm

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33
Q

cancer (CA)

A

general term for a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells

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34
Q

cancerous

A

pertaining to cancer

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35
Q

carcinogen

A

any cancer-causing substance or organism

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36
Q

differentiation

A

acquiring characteristics or functions different from that of the original cell

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37
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal growth of tissue

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38
Q

in situ

A

in the original place or site without any expansion or spread

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39
Q

invasion

A

the direct migration and penetration of cancerous cells into neighboring tissues

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40
Q

lesion

A

a pathologic change in tissue resulting from disease or injury

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41
Q

malignant

A

tumor that invades surrounding tissue and may spread to other body parts; cancerous

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42
Q

metastasis

A

spread of disease from one part of the body to another

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43
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells

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44
Q

oncogenic

A

causing or being suitable for the development of a tumor

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45
Q

recurrence

A

the return of cancer or disease

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46
Q

remission

A

lessening in severity of disease symptoms; the period of time when a cancer is responding to treatment or is under control

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47
Q

TNM staging

A

abbreviation for cancer classification based on characteristics of the tumors, nodal involvement, and extent of metastasis

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48
Q

tumor staging

A

the extent of spread of a cancer from its original site

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49
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm composed of glandular tissue

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50
Q

adenoma

A

benign neoplasm composed of glandular tissue

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51
Q

carcinoma (CA)

A

malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue, chiefly glandular (adenocarcinoma) or squamous (squamous cell carcinoma)

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52
Q

fibroma

A

benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue

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53
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of deep fibrous tissue

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54
Q

lipoma

A

benign neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue

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55
Q

liposarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of adipose (fat) tissue

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56
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

tumor that invades surrounding tissue and is usually capable of metastasizing; can be located in any organ or tissue in the body

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57
Q

melanoma

A

tumor characterized by a dark appearance; most commonly occurs in the skin or in the eye

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58
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor; abnormal growth of new tissue into a mass; can be benign or malignant

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59
Q

neuroma

A

tumor derived from nervous tissue

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60
Q

myeloma

A

tumor composed of cells derived from bone marrow

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61
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm of connective tissue or nonepithelial tissue

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62
Q

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

A

a cancer that begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis of the skin

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63
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

cancer of the skin and sometimes lymph codes that causes purplish-red patches on the skin; most commonly seen in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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64
Q

melanoma

A

a malignant skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes in the epidermis, usually caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation

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65
Q

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

A

a cancer that begins in the squamous cells located in the upper levels of the epidermis of the skin

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66
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

a large malignant tumor arising from cartilage cells

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67
Q

Ewing tumor; Ewing sarcoma

A

a malignant tumor found in bone or soft tissue

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68
Q

giant cell tumor

A

a tumor of the tendon sheath that can be either benign or malignant

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69
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle

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70
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth (nonstriated) muscle

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71
Q

liposarcoma

A

a malignant tumor of adipose (fat) tissue in deep soft tissue; occurs in the retroperitoneal tissues and the thigh

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72
Q

osteofibroma

A

benign lesion of bone consisting mainly of fairly dense, moderately cellular, fibrous connective tissue

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73
Q

osteosarcoma

A

fast-growing malignant type of bone cancer that develops in the bone-forming cells (osteoblasts); most common and most malignant of bone sarcomas

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74
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of striated (skeletal) muscle

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75
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

a highly malignant tumor of striated (skeletal) muscle

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76
Q

astrocytoma

A

a tumor that arises from small, star-shaped cells (astrocytes) in the brain and spinal cord

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77
Q

glioma

A

cancer that arises from the glial cells of the nervous system

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78
Q

medulloblastoma

A

cancer that develops from the primitive nerve cells in the medullary tube and is usually located in the cerebellum

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79
Q

meningioma

A

benign and slow-growing tumor of the meninges

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80
Q

neuroblastoma

A

malignant tumor of embryonic nerve cells (neuroblasts); neuroblastomas frequently occur in infants and children, and 30% are associated with the adrenal glands

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81
Q

intraocular melanoma

A

a malignant cancer that forms in the tissues of the eye

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82
Q

retinoblastoma

A

a malignant ocular tumor of the retina that affects young children

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83
Q

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

A

a group of disorders characterized by functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland

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84
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland

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85
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

a benign tumor arising in the pituitary gland

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86
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

cancer of the immune system marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (large, transformed pathogenic cells derived from B lymphocytes)

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87
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the blood indicated by malignant increase in the number of white blood cells

88
Q

lymphangioma

A

mass or tumor of lymphatic vessels

89
Q

lymphoma

A

cancer the begins in immune system cells

90
Q

non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

A

any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes; lymphoma other than Hodgkin disease

91
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma; non-small cell carcinoma

A

lung cancer; cancer that arises from the lung or bronchial tract

92
Q

mesothelioma

A

cancer of the epithelium lining the lungs (pleura) or the epithelium lining the heart (pericardium), usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust

93
Q

oat cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma

A

highly malignant form of lung or bronchogenic cancer in which cells appear small and rounded under a microscope

94
Q

colon cancer

A

cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon

95
Q

gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

A

benign or malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, with most occurring in the stomach

96
Q

bladder cancer

A

cancer that forms in the tissues of the urinary bladder

97
Q

nephroma

A

tumor of the kidney

98
Q

urothelial carcinoma; transitional cell carcinoma

A

cancer derived from the transitional epithelium, occurring mainly in the urinary bladder, ureters, or renal pelvis

99
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant kidney cancer that affects children

100
Q

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); intraductal carcinoma

A

form of cancer derived from the epithelial lining of ducts in the breast; in most cases, it is confined to the ducts (in situ means “in place”) and does not spread into the surrounding breast tissue

101
Q

germ cell tumor (GCT)

A

cancerous or noncancerous neoplasm derived from the germ cells (sex cells) of the ovaries

102
Q

alpha fetoprotein (AFP) test

A

blood test for substance produced by tumor cells in the body; found in elevated levels in patients with ovarian cancer

103
Q

estrogen receptor test

A

blood test for a type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches; if cells have estrogen receptors, they need estrogen to grow, and knowing this determines treatment type

104
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test

A

blood test for the substance that, in elevated levels, may indicate cancer in the testis, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas, or lung

105
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) test

A

microscopic examination of cells collected from the vagina and cervix to detect abnormal changes (ex. cancer)

106
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

A

blood test for substance produced only by the prostate; elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer in early stages

107
Q

tumor marker test

A

various blood tests for specific substances produced by certain types of tumors

108
Q

biopsy

A

the process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination

109
Q

fine-needle aspiration (FNA)

A

procedure of withdrawing cells from a lesion for examination with a fine needle on a syringe

110
Q

radionuclide scan

A

imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into the vein; a machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, which may indicate abnormal areas or tumors

111
Q

sentinel lymph node biopsy

A

removal and examination of the sentinel nodes, which are the first lymph nodes to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor

112
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan

A

type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs; can help identify certain types of tumors

113
Q

punch biopsy

A

removal of a small oval core of skin for laboratory analysis using a sharp, hollow instrument

114
Q

shave biopsy

A

removal of a sample of skin for laboratory analysis using a scalpel to slice the specimen from the site

115
Q

bone scan

A

technique used to create images of bone by injecting the patient with radioactive dye that is taken by bone tissue

116
Q

bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

A

procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow and bone is removed for evaluation using a special needle that is pushed into the bone

117
Q

stereotactic biopsy

A

precise procedure that uses a computer and three-dimensional scanner to find a tumor and remove it

118
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

removal of a small amount of fluid and cells from inside the bone with a needle and syringe

119
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

removal and evaluation of a small amount of bone along with fluid and cells from inside the bone

120
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

the process of inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis; used to determine if leukemic cells are present

121
Q

lymph node biopsy

A

removal of lymph node tissue for pathologic evaluation

122
Q

thoracoscopy; pleuroscopy

A

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity made through a small opening in the chest wall

123
Q

cholescintigraphy; hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan

A

imaging test used to examine the function of the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts

124
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

procedure using x-ray and injectable dye to examine disorders in the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas

125
Q

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

A

procedure using an ultrasound imaging device on the tip of an endoscope for evaluation of the bowel wall and adjacent structures

126
Q

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

A

procedure using magnetic resonance imaging and an injectable dye to examine problems in the bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas

127
Q

digital rectal examination (DRE)

A

examination in which the clinician inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to check for anatomic structures for abnormalities

128
Q

prostate biopsy

A

a procedure in which prostate gland tissue samples are removed from the body for examination under a microscope to determine whether cancerous or other abnormal cells are present

129
Q

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

A

ultrasound imaging of the prostate done through the rectum; used to diagnose prostate cancer

130
Q

cervical conization; cone biopsy

A

biopsy of the cervix in which a cone-shaped sample of tissue is removed from the cervix

131
Q

colposcopy

A

visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina using a lighted microscope (colposcope) to identify abnormal cell growth and if necessary, remove a tissue sample for biopsy

132
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

procedure whereby a sample of the endometrium of the uterus is removed from the body and examined under a microscope; used to check for uterine cancer

133
Q

mammography

A

an x-ray examination of the breasts; used to detect breast tumors

134
Q

brachytherapy; seed implantation

A

procedure by which radioactive “seeds” are placed inside cancerous tissue and positioned to kill nearby cancer cells

135
Q

cryosurgery

A

the use of freezing temperatures to destroy tissue

136
Q

debulking surgery

A

excision of a major part of a tumor that cannot be completely removed

137
Q

palliative surgery

A

surgery that is performed to relieve pain or other symptoms but not to cure the cancer or prolong a patient’s life

138
Q

radiofrequency ablation (RFA)

A

procedure in which a surgical oncologist (cancer specialist) uses a small probe to deliver heat from radiofrequency energy to kill cancerous tissue; used primarily to treat liver, prostate, kidney, bone, and breast cancer

139
Q

reconstructive surgery

A

surgery performed to return function and appearance to a specific area of the body after removal of a tumor

140
Q

Mohs surgery

A

surgical procedure that involves removing and examining a piece of tumor in the skin bit by bit until the entire lesion is removed

141
Q

amputation

A

surgical removal of an entire limb

142
Q

limb salvage surgery

A

surgical procedure in which o ly the cancerous section of bone is removed but nearby muscles, tendons, and other structures are left intact

143
Q

craniectomy

A

excision of part of the cranium to access the brain

144
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

radiation therapy technique for treating brain tumors by aiming high-dose radiation beams directly at the tumors

145
Q

enucleation

A

removal of an eyeball

146
Q

iridectomy

A

excision of part of the iris (for very small melanomas)

147
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of all or some of the parathyroid glands

148
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the thyroid gland

149
Q

transsphenoidal resection

A

excision of a pituitary adenoma by making an incision through the sphenoid bone (the nose to the bottom of the skull) where the pituitary gland is located

150
Q

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

A

transfer of bone marrow from one person to another

151
Q

peripheral stem cell transplant

A

the collection and freezing of stem cells from the blood, which are then reintroduced into the patient after chemotherapy

152
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

excision of a lymph node

153
Q

laryngectomy

A

excision of all or part of the larynx, usually to treat cancer of the larynx

154
Q

lobectomy

A

excision of a lobe (of the lung)

155
Q

pneumonectomy

A

excision of the lung

156
Q

wedge resection

A

excision of part of a lobe of the lung

157
Q

colectomy

A

excision of all or part of the colon

158
Q

esophagectomy

A

excision of the diseased portion of the esophagus and all associated tissues that might contain cancer

159
Q

gastrectomy; Billroth operation

A

excision of part or all of the stomach

160
Q

pancreaticoduodenectomy; Whipple operation

A

excision of all or part of the pancreas together with the duodenum and usually the distal stomach

161
Q

cystectomy

A

surgical removal of part or all of the bladder

162
Q

fulguration

A

destruction of tissue by means of high-frequency electric current; commonly used to remove tumors from inside the bladder

163
Q

nephrectomy

A

excision of a kidney

164
Q

transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB)

A

excision of a tumor from the bladder through the urethra using a resectoscope

165
Q

prostatectomy; transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

removal of the prostate tissue through the urethra using a resectoscope

166
Q

loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)

A

gynecologic procedure that uses a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut out cancerous tissue in the cervix

167
Q

mastectomy

A

excision of a breast done to remove a malignant tumor

168
Q

modified radical mastectomy

A

excision of a breast along with some of the underlying muscle and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit

169
Q

radical mastectomy

A

excision of the breast as well as the underlying muscles and lymph nodes in the adjacent armpit

170
Q

simple mastectomy

A

excision of a breast, leaving the underlying muscles and the lymph nodes intact

171
Q

myomectomy

A

excision of a myoma (benign neoplasm), specifically a uterine myoma

172
Q

external beam radiation

A

procedure by which a beam of high-energy radiation is applied externally directly to the tumor to minimize damage to other tissues

173
Q

radiation therapy

A

the use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells

174
Q

aromatase inhibitors

A

group of drugs designed to reduce estrogen levels in a woman’s body and stop the growth of cancer cells that depend on estrogen to live and grow

175
Q

chemoprevention

A

the use of drugs or other agents to inhibit or prevent disease

176
Q

chemotherapy

A

regimen of therapy that uses chemicals to treat cancer

177
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

chemotherapy given in addition to surgery to destroy remaining residual tumor or to reduce residual tumor

178
Q

interstitial chemotherapy

A

placement of chemotherapy drugs directly into a tumor

179
Q

intrathecal chemotherapy

A

delivery of chemotherapy drugs into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture

180
Q

palliative chemotherapy

A

chemotherapy that is given to relieve pain or other symptoms of cancer but not cure it

181
Q

epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy

A

drugs that interfere with the growth of individual cancer cells

182
Q

hormonal therapy

A

use of hormones to stop a tumor from growing, to relieve symptoms caused by a tumor, or to replace the hormone that is needed by the body to function properly after a body part is removed due to cancer

183
Q

immunotherapy; biologic therapy

A

method of boosting the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer by using materials made either by the body or in a laboratory to bolster, target, or restore immune system function

184
Q

gynecologic oncology

A

medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancers of the female reproductive system

185
Q

medical oncology

A

medical specialty concerned with the use of medical and chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer

186
Q

oncology

A

medical specialty concerned with the physical, chemical, and biologic properties and features of cancers

187
Q

pediatric oncology

A

medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancers and blood diseases

188
Q

radiation oncology

A

radiologic specialty concerned with radiation treatment as the main mode of treatment for cancer

189
Q

surgical oncology

A

surgical specialty concerned with the surgical aspects of cancer

190
Q

AFP

A

alpha fetoprotein

191
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

192
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplant

193
Q

CA

A

cancer, carcinoma

194
Q

DCIS

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

195
Q

DRE

A

digital rectal examination

196
Q

EGFR

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

197
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

198
Q

EUS

A

endoscopic ultrasound

199
Q

FNA

A

fine-needle aspiration

200
Q

GCT

A

germ cell tumor

201
Q

GIST

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumor

202
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

203
Q

HIDA

A

hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid

204
Q

LEEP

A

loop electrosurgical excision procedure

205
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

206
Q

MEN

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

207
Q

MRCP

A

magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

208
Q

NHL

A

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

209
Q

PSA

A

prostate-specific antigen

210
Q

SCC

A

squamous cell carcinoma

211
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

212
Q

TNM staging

A

tumor node metastasis

213
Q

TRUS

A

transrectal ultrasound

214
Q

TURB

A

transurethral resection of bladder tumor

215
Q

TURP

A

transurethral resection of prostate

216
Q

UV

A

ultraviolet

217
Q

RFA

A

radiofrequency ablation

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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