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Medical Terminology > Digestive 12 > Flashcards

Digestive 12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

mouth; oral cavity

A

opening where food enters the body and undergoes the first process of digestion

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2
Q

palate

A

the roof of the mouth; separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

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3
Q

uvula

A

small piece of tissue that hangs in the posterior portion of the oral cavity

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4
Q

tongue

A

muscular organ at the floor of the mouth; assists in swallowing and speaking

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5
Q

teeth

A

structures that provide the hard surfaces needed for chewing (mastication)

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6
Q

salivary glands

A

saliva-secreting glands in the oral cavity; include the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

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7
Q

saliva

A

clear, tasteless, slightly acidic (ph 6.8) fluid that helps to lubricate food in the mouth

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8
Q

pharnyx

A

throat; space behind the mouth that serves as a passage for food from the mouth to the esophagus and for air from the nose and mouth to the larynx

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9
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

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10
Q

stomach

A

sac-like organ in which chemical and mechanical digestion take place

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11
Q

cardia

A

region where the esophagus connects to the stomach

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12
Q

fundus

A

superior dome-shaped region of the stomach

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13
Q

body

A

largest region of the stomach, between the fundus and pylorus

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14
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach

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15
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle between the stomach and the first segment of the small intestine (duodenum)

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15
Q

pylorus

A

lower region of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

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16
Q

rugae

A

folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

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17
Q

small intestine

A

section of digestive tube between the stomach and cecum where most absorption of nutrients occurs

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18
Q

duodenum

A

first segment of the small intestine

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19
Q

jejunum

A

the middle segment of the small intestine

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20
Q

ileum

A

the last segment of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine

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21
Q

large intestine

A

distal section of digestive tube, extending from the small intestine to the anus, where water and electrolytes are absorbed and wastes are formed

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22
Q

cecum

A

first segment of the large intestine

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23
Q

appendix

A

finger-like projection off the cecum of the large intestine

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24
Q

colon

A

segment of the large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum and is divided into four parts

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25
Q

ascending colon

A

segment of the large intestine on the right side between the cecum and the right colic flexure

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26
Q

right colic flexure; hepatic flexure

A

the bend of the colon between the ascending and transverse sections

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27
Q

transverse colon

A

segment of the large intestine between the ascending colon and descending colon

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28
Q

left colic flexure; left splenic flexure

A

the bend of the colon between the transverse and descending sections

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29
Q

descending colon

A

segment of the large intestine on the left side between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon

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30
Q

sigmoid colon

A

terminal segment of the large intestine that joins with the rectum

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31
Q

rectum

A

extension of the large intestine; a pouch that holds solid waste before elimination from the body

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32
Q

anus

A

opening at the end of the digestive tract through which solid waste exits the body

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33
Q

liver

A

large glandular organ that produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder

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34
Q

bile

A

fluid that is secreted by the liver into the duodenum and aids in the digestion of fats

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35
Q

gallbladder

A

sac-shaped organ beneath the liver that stores bile secreted by the liver and releases it into the small intestine

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36
Q

pancreas

A

organ that secretes pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes) into the small intestine; its endocrine part secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

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37
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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38
Q

aliment/o

A

nourishment, nutrition

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39
Q

an/o

A

anus

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40
Q

appendic/o

A

appendix

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41
Q

bil/o

A

bile

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42
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

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43
Q

cec/o

A

cecum

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44
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

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45
Q

chol/e

A

bile

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46
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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47
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon

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48
Q

dent/o

A

tooth

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49
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum

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50
Q

enter/o

A

small intestine

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51
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

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52
Q

diverticul/o

A

diverticulum (pouch opening from a tubular organ)

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53
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

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54
Q

hemat/o, hem/o

A

blood

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55
Q

hepat/o

A

liver

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56
Q

herni/o

A

hernia (protrusion)

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57
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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58
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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59
Q

labi/o

A

lip

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60
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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61
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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62
Q

lith/o

A

stone, calculus

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63
Q

odont/o

A

tooth

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64
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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65
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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66
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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67
Q

peps/o

A

digestion

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68
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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69
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

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70
Q

polyp/o

A

polyp

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71
Q

proct/o

A

rectum, anus

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72
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus

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73
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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74
Q

sial/o

A

saliva

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75
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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76
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

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77
Q

endo-

A

in, within

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78
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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79
Q

peri-

A

around, surrounding

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80
Q

post-

A

after, behind

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81
Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

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82
Q

-algia

A

pain

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83
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

84
Q

-cele

A

herniation, protrusion

85
Q

-centesis

A

puncture to aspirate

86
Q

-dynia

A

pain

87
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

88
Q

-gen

A

origin, production

89
Q

-gram

A

record, recording

90
Q

-graphy

A

technique of producing images

91
Q

-iasis

A

condition of

92
Q

-logist

A

one who specializes in

93
Q

-logy

A

study of

94
Q

-malacia

A

softening

95
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

96
Q

-prandial

A

meal

97
Q

-ptosis

A

prolapse, drooping, sagging

98
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

99
Q

-scope

A

instrument for examination

100
Q

-scopy

A

viewing or examining with an instrument

101
Q

-stenosis

A

stricture, narrowing

102
Q

-stomy

A

surgical opening

103
Q

-tomy

A

incision

104
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

105
Q

anorexia

A

decrease in or loss of appetite

106
Q

bolus

A

ball of chewed food that is ready to be swallowed

107
Q

chyme

A

partially digested food that passes from the stomach into the duodenum

108
Q

defecation; bowel movement (BM)

A

passage of solid wastes (feces) from the body

109
Q

deglutition

A

the act of swallowing

110
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic process of breaking down food into substances the body can use

111
Q

eructation

A

the voiding of gas or acidic fluid from the stomach through the mouth; commonly called a burp or belch

112
Q

feces

A

waste matter discharged from the bowels

113
Q

flatus

A

gas that passes through the anus

114
Q

halitosis

A

bad breath

115
Q

hematochezia

A

the passage of bloody stools

116
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin

117
Q

mastication

A

chewing

118
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stools due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

119
Q

nausea

A

the urge to vomit

120
Q

occult blood

A

blood in the feces in amounts that are too small to be seen by the naked eye but detectable by chemical tests

121
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles of the GI tract creating wave-like movements that push substances along its length

122
Q

postprandial

A

after a meal

123
Q

vomit; regurgitate

A

to eject matter from the stomach through the mouth

124
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by an extreme fear of becoming obese and by an aversion to eating

125
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity

126
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

127
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts; formation of gallstones

128
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic liver disease characterized by gradual failure of liver cells and loss of blood flow in the liver

129
Q

constipation

A

decreased number of bowel movements often associated with hard stools

130
Q

Crohn disease; regional enteritis

A

chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause that is characterized by deep ulcers and thickening of the intestine

131
Q

diarrhea

A

abnormally frequent discharge of semisolid or liquid feces

132
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of a diverticulum

133
Q

diverticulum

A

an abnormal pouch on the wall of a hollow organ that protrudes outward

134
Q

dysentery

A

infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus

135
Q

dyspepsia

A

indigestion or upset stomach

136
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

137
Q

gastric ulcer

A

sore on the stomach lining with inflammation

138
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

139
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus

140
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen (varicose) veins in the anal region; may be internal or external

141
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

142
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus (opening) in the diaphragm

143
Q

ileus

A

an obstruction of the intestine

144
Q

incontinence

A

inability to prevent the discharge of feces or urine

145
Q

intussusception

A

the sliding (enfolding) of one section of the intestine into an adjacent section, much like the parts of a collapsible telescope

146
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); spastic colon

A

painful intestinal disease characterized by constipation alternating with diarrhea

147
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

148
Q

peptic ulcer; peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

ulcer of the stomach or duodenum that is caused by gastric acid

149
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

150
Q

polyp

A

section of tissue that grows abnormally and protrudes from a surface

151
Q

polyposis

A

condition characterized by the presence of several polyps

152
Q

pruritus ani

A

itching around the opening of the anus

153
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

a twisting of the intestine that can cause obstruction

154
Q

occult blood test; hemoccult test

A

screening test that detects hidden blood in feces; the amount of blood is too small to be seen, but is detectable by chemical tests

155
Q

stool culture

A

microscopic examination of feces for identification of possible pathogens

156
Q

abdominal ultrasound

A

use of sound waves to view digestive system organs/structures

157
Q

abdominocentesis; paracentesis

A

puncture into the abdomen to obtain fluid for culture or to relieve pressure

158
Q

barium enema (BE)

A

use of contrast dye to view the lower gastrointestinal tract

159
Q

cholecystogram

A

x-ray record of the gallbladder

160
Q

colonoscopy

A

visual examination of the colon using an endoscope

161
Q

endoscopy

A

visual examination of organ interior using an endoscope

162
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A

visual examination if the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, usually using a fiberoptic endoscope

163
Q

flexible sigmoidoscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of the sigmoid colon using a fiberoptic endoscope

164
Q

laparoscopy

A

visual examination of the abdominopelvic cavity with a type of endoscope called a laparoscope

165
Q

proctoscopy

A

visual examination of the rectum and anus with an endoscope

166
Q

upper gastrointestinal series (UGI); barium swallow

A

radiographic contrast (x-ray with contrast dye) study of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

167
Q

abdominoperineal resection (APR)

A

surgical removal of the colon and rectum by both abdominal and perineal approaches; includes a colostomy and is performed to treat severe lower intestinal diseases including cancer

168
Q

abdominoplasty

A

surgical repair of the abdominal area

169
Q

anastomosis

A

a connection made surgically between two structures, such as adjacent parts of the intestine

170
Q

appendectomy

A

surgical removal of the appendix

171
Q

bariatric surgery

A

surgical removal of parts of the stomach an/or intestines to induce weight loss

172
Q

gastric bypass surgery

A

surgical procedure in which the stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a larger lower pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged and connected to both pouches

173
Q

cholecystectomy

A

removal of the gallbladder

174
Q

cholelithotripsy

A

crushing of gallstones

175
Q

colostomy

A

surgical construction of an artificial opening between the colon and the body exterior; done to bypass a damaged part of the colon, so the sites vary

176
Q

gastrectomy

A

removal of the stomach

177
Q

gastric lavage

A

insertion of a tube from the mouth into the stomach to wash and suction out its contents for examination and treatment; usually done to remove blood clots or monitor bleeding

178
Q

gastric resection

A

removal of a section of the stomach

179
Q

gavage

A

process of feeding a patient through nasogastric intubation

180
Q

glossorrhaphy

A

suturing of the tongue

181
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

suturing of a hernia

182
Q

ileostomy

A

surgical construction of an artificial opening between the ileum and the body exterior; done to bypass a damaged part of the ileum

183
Q

laparotomy

A

surgical incision into the abdominal cavity

184
Q

nasogastric (NG) intubation

A

insertion of a tube from the nose into the stomach for feeding or suctioning stomach contents

185
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the roof of the mouth

186
Q

polypectomy

A

surgical removal of polyps

187
Q

total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

A

feeding a person intravenously or by a nasogastric tube

188
Q

antacid

A

drug used to reduce stomach acid or neutralize acidity

189
Q

antidiarrheal

A

drug used to treat or prevent diarrhea

190
Q

antiemetic

A

drug used to treat or prevent nausea and vomiting

191
Q

emetic

A

drug used to induce vomiting

192
Q

laxative; cathartic

A

drug used to promote the expulsion of feces

193
Q

bariatrics

A

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and allied diseases

194
Q

gastroenterology

A

medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

195
Q

proctology

A

medical speciality concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the rectum and anus

196
Q

APR

A

abdominoperineal resection

197
Q

BE

A

barium enema

198
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

199
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

200
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

201
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

202
Q

IBS

A

irritable bowel syndrome

203
Q

LES

A

lower esophageal sphincter

204
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

205
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

206
Q

TPN

A

total parental nutrition

207
Q

UGI

A

upper gastrointestinal

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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