Respiration Unit Flashcards
What is earths atmosphere made of?
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1%other gases
Breathing
The movement of air from the environment into the body
Respiration
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and environment
External Respiration
exchange of gases between lungs and the circulatory system
Internal respiration
exchange of gasses between the circulatory system and tissues/cells
Order of respiration and breathing
Breathing >External Respiration >Internal Respiration >cellular respiration
adaptation for gas exchange
thin walls, moist, richly supplied blood vessels and large SA
where is the respiratory tract located
deep in body protected by muscular and bone structure called thoracic cavity
air enters the body through the
mouth and nasal passage
Pharynx
aka throat or the passageway for air in the respiratory system and food for the digestive system
epiglottis
cartilage flap trap door which closes over tge trachea when u swallow food so it doesn’t enter
epiglottis location
behind tounge in front of larynx
larynx
voice bow cartilage containing vocal cords
how dose larynx function
breathing >large gap between vocal cords
talking >muscles contract and vocal cords move closer together and vibrate to make sound
different sounds=
different tension of the ligaments as air passes by
longer cords =
lower sound
shorter cords =
higher sound
puberty in larynx
cartilage of pharynx and vocal cords increase in size and thickness = voice breaking in males due to fast growing cords
trachea
windpipe contains mucus producing cells that trap particles not trapped by nasal passage
What helps keep trechea from collapsing
semicircular cartilaginous arches help keep it open and allow faces esophagus to expand when swallowing food
bronchi
trachea branches into smaller passageways which enter left n right lungs
bronchioles
bronchi subdivided into smaller branches
smooth myscle and lack cartilage lined with cilia and mucus that trap forgein pathogens
dose bronchi have cartilage?
yes
dose bronchioles have cartilage
lacks it
alveoli
tiny cluster of sacs at end of bronchioles that r one cell thick for gas diffusion n site of gas exchange
what are alveoli surrounded by
capillaries and lined with lubricating film
diffusion of gases from alveoli
o2 breathed in moves from within alveoli to the capillaries and co2 goes from capillaries to alveoli to breath out
Alveoli during exhalation
alveoli collapse , membranes touch and dont stick together due to protein called lipoprotein
lipoprotein
the protein that stops alveoli from touching during exhalation
pleural membrane
fine layer of fluid between lungs and ribs to prevent friction during inhalation
how is movement of air determined
pressure différence between the atmosphere and chest cavity deteriorated the movement of air from high to low
inhalation occurs when -
- the pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure
Exhalation occurs when -
-the pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure
Diaphragm
dome shaped muscle that separates thorax from abdomen organs and regulates the pressure in lungs with assistance from intercostal muscles
intercostal muscle
muscles between ribs that help diaphragm regulate pressure in lungs
pressure and volume relationship
as volume increases pressure decreases vice versa
during inhalation diaphragm-
contracts pulling downwards and intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs up n down
during inhalation volume n pressure relationship in thoracic n lungs
thoracic volume increases>thoracic pressure decreases
lung volume increases >lung pressure decreases
during inhalation what causes air to rush in
higher pressure in enviro than lungs
where is the diaphragm
inside chest cavity
during exhalation diaphragm, pressure n volume
relaxes (dome shaped) pulling upward and thoracic pressure increases, lung volume decreases pressure in lungs increases
Tidal volume
volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in normal breath
inspiratory reserve volume
additional volume of air that can be taken in lungs beyond reg inhalation
expiratory reserve volume
the additional volume of air that can be forced out of lungs beyond regular exhalation
vital capacity
the total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of lungs (tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve)
residual volume
the amount of gas that remains in the lungs after full exhale
pneumothorax
collapsed lung where air leaks between chest wall n lung which pushes on outside of lung causing it ti collapse
daltons law
each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure
gas laws
gasses will diffuse from areas of high partial pressure to low partial pressure
external respiration dose what
enriches the blood with 02
what causes 02 to diffuse out of air in the lungs into the bloodstream
air breathed into lungs has higher partial pressure of O2 than the blood in pulmonary capillaries
external respiration of CO2 dose what
allows waste of carbon dioxide to be breathed out and remove from your body
how external respiration works
blood flowing to pulmonary capillaries has higher partial pressure of CO2 than air in lungs causing CO2 to diffuse out if blood into alveoli and be breathed out
internal respiration
CO2 and O2 are exchanged between capillaries and alveoli where the blood in capillaries goes back to the heart and tissue, cells
O2 transport in blood
99% of O2 transported on a molecule called hemoglobin only in red blood cells and rest is dissolved in blood plasma
Components of blood
55% Plasma 44% red blood cells and 1% platelets and white blood cells
Plasma components
water, ions, proteins, nutrients, wastes and gasses
CO2 transport in the blood
23% carried by hemoglobin, 7% carried in plasma and 70% combines with water and forms carbonic acid
carbonic acid is _____ and almost immediately dissociates into _______ and ______
very unstable, Bicarbonate ions and hydrigen ions
medulla oblongata
nerves in brain that control breathing movement
what activate medulla oblongata
high CO2 chemoreceptors activate medulla oblongata to send messages ti intercostal muscles and diaphragm to increase breathing
as CO2 levels fall chemoreceptors become _______
inactive
response to exercise
ventilation can increase 20x with heavy exercise
important factors that increase ventilation
decreased 02 increased CO2 and H
Blood doping dose what
increases amount of hemoglobin in bloodstream which allows higher amounts of oxygen ti reach and fuel athletes muscles
hemoglobin
oxygen carrying protein in the blood
whar is improved by allowing higher amounts of oxygen ti reach and fuel muscles
stamina and performance in long distance events
Altitude and training
high altitude lower atmospheric pressure which makes it difficult ti get O2 in our blood and causes red blood cells to counter lower oxygene saturation in blood
Laryngitis
inflammation on the larynx due to viral infection or over stranibg voice
Pneumonia
disease that iccurs when alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquid
Bronchitis
bronchi become inflamed and filled with mucus
Emphysema
walls of alveoli loose elasticity making exhalation difficult
Asthma
constant inflammation in airways
Cyst fibrosis
genetic condition that effects lungs that disrupts the function of cells lining in passageway to lungs
Lung cancer
uncontrolled and invasive growth of cells in lungs
