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Bio 20 > CR > Flashcards

CR Flashcards

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1
Q

what is CR

A

breaking down of glucose into usable energy ATP fir the cell

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2
Q

how do humans get glucose

A

through difestion

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3
Q

cellular respiration releases energy in glucose by ____
____ are removed
energy is ___
_____ are produced

A

oxidazing it
electrons
released
CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

In oxygen rich environments organisms carry out ____ cellular respiration

A

aerobic (requiers O2 to produce ATP )

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5
Q

in oxygen poor environments some organisms do _____ cellular respiration

A

anaerobic (dosent require O2 to make ATP )

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6
Q

3 pathways for energy release are

A

aerobic CR
anaerobic CR
fermentation

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7
Q

aerobic CR involves three metabolic pathways :

A
  1. glycolysis
    2.kerb cycle
  2. ETC electron transport chain
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8
Q

what does CR produce

A

H2O and CO2 and atp

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9
Q

which pathway for CR is most efficient and produces the most ATP

A

aerobic

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10
Q

whats the first step for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

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11
Q

where dose the first step glycolysis take place

A

in the cytoplasm of cell outside mitochondria

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12
Q

how does glycolysis start

A

C6H12O6 (glucose) is split into 2 3 carbon sugars(PGAL) which are high energy by breaking down ATP into ADP +P and using its energy and H2O

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13
Q

whats 3 carbons chain called thats high energy

A

PGAL

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14
Q

whats a 3 carbons chain thats low energy called

A

pyruvate (similar to PGA)

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15
Q

what is the second thing that occurs in glycolysis once the glucose is split into 2 3 carbon chains high energy

A

the energy from the PGAL is used to charge up 2NAD+ to 2NADH and becomes low energy

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16
Q

what are the 2 chains of 3 carbons become low energy called

A

pyruvate

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17
Q

whats pyruvate

A

chains of 3 carbons that are low energy

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18
Q

after the 2 pyruvate are formed and 2 NADH are energized ehat occurs

A

4ADP are made into 4 ATP creating a net is formed and a product of 2 C3 pyruvate is formed

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19
Q

glycolysis inputs and outputs

A

input:
1 glucose (C6H12O6)
2 NAD+ (not charged)
2 ATP
4 ADP + 4P
Output:
2 pyruvate
2 NADH (charged)
4 ATP
2 H2O

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20
Q

what is created by the C6H12O6 in glycolysis

A

H2O and glucose which is made into pyruvate

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21
Q

what step of the CR happens even without O2 ( anaerobic)

A

glycolysis

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22
Q

in glycolysis oxygen becomes ____ and glucose _____

A

reduced , oxidized

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23
Q

does glycolysis generate any atp ?

A

a small amount only

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24
Q

glycolysis is the start of

A

aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation if not enough O2

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25
Q

what does glycolysis produce

A

net product of 2 atp and 4 atp total and 2 NADH
2 CO2 that diffuses out as waste
2 CoA (goes to kreb cycle

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26
Q

what is the main purpose of aerobic cellular respiration

A

to create large amounts of ATP

27
Q

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, kerb cycle and ETC

28
Q

where dose glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm of cell outside mitochondria

29
Q

is oxygen required for glycolysis

A

no

30
Q

whats tge reactants and products of glycolysis

A

reactants glucose
products 2 NADH , 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate

31
Q

Glycolysis is an _____ reaction

A

both anaerobic and aerobic because it doesn’t need O2 but can function with and without

32
Q

when dose the pyruvate created by glycolysis enter the mitochondria kerb cycle and where

A

when O2 is available it enters matrix of mitochondria

33
Q

the 2 chains of 3 carbons (pyruvate) each lose ____ and get ____ by NAD to make NADH

A

a carbon, oxidized

34
Q

the remaining 2 C group is called

A

acetate

35
Q

what happens to acetate

A

it joins with co-enzyme CoA to form acetyl

36
Q

what is C-C-CoA called

A

acetyl

37
Q

whats the final electron exceptor

A

O2

38
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation
Input and Output

A

Input: 2 pyruvate, 2 CoA , 2 NAD+
output: 2 CO2 (diffuse out), 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

39
Q

Another name fir kerb cycle is

A

Citric Acid cycle

40
Q

where does the kerb cycle preparation and cycle happen

A

matrix if mitochondria

41
Q

What happens to acetyl group when it enters kerb cycle

A

The CoA leaves to find more C-C chains
The remaining C2 combines with (oxaloacetate) C4 to form C 6

42
Q

What is the 6 C chain called

A

citrate

43
Q

what happens with the 6 C citrate chain once its formed

A

2 C leave to form CO2 and the energy is used ti charge up NAD+ into NADH , FAD into FADH2 and ATP

44
Q

Which molecules produced in the kerbs cycle act as electron carriers

A

FADH2 and NADH

45
Q

Which molevules donate electrons to generate ATP

A

NADH and FADH2

46
Q

ATP is generated by ___ which can also be called

A

chemiosmosis , phosphorylation

47
Q

NADH and FADH2 are ____ by first protein complex of the etc

A

oxidized

48
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

49
Q

why is oxygen the final electron acceptor

A

because once it recives them it combines with H ions tj form H2O

50
Q

chemiosmosis is

A

the build up of H+ outside the matrix resulting in hydrogen gradient and electrochemical gradient

51
Q

the batteries in oder strongest to weakest

A

ATP , NADH , FADH 2

52
Q

if you convert battery to weaker in glycolysis __ ATP is formed and if u dont __ ATP is formed

A

36 , 38

53
Q

ETC ATP output can vary from

A

36-38 atp

54
Q

how much atp is produced anaerobically

A

2

55
Q

in what way does fermentation occur in plant cells

A

alcohol fermentation

56
Q

how is fermentation anaerobically in animal cells

A

lactic acid fermentation

57
Q

in Alcohol/Ethanol fermentation glucose is turned into to what and forms atp

A

glucose>glycolysis =pyruvate > two carbon compound > ethanol

58
Q

what dose it mean ti say glycolysis is a anaerobic process

A

it’s anaerobic because it can occur without O2

59
Q

under what conditions dose fermentation occur

A

oxygen lacking conditions

60
Q

how are lactate and ethanol fermentation similar and different

A

both occur in anaerobic conditions and only produce 2 ATP , pyruvate, and result in NADH oxidation
difference is the final result of lacatate and ethanol

61
Q

which process produces more ATP and why

A

aerobic because it undergoes glycolysis and the kerb cycle which produces more ATP

62
Q

why di we have a muscle burning sensation when they work anaerobically

A

this is due to a lactic acid build up produced by fermentation

63
Q

what happens to lactic acid /lactate when oxygen becomes available again

A

lactic acid/lactate gets converted back into pyruvate to be used in the kerb cycle again

Bio 20 (21 decks)

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