Digestive System pt 1 Flashcards
Dehydration Synthesis
A Chemical reaction that assembles macromolecules where covalent bond is formed between 2 subunit molecules and water molecule is removed
Hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that disassembles macromolecules by adding water and breaking the covalent bond between two subunits
Assembling macromolecules is done by
dehydration synthesis chemical reaction
Disassembling macromolecules is done by
hydrolysis chemical reaction
What are nutrients
the substances that provide the raw materials required for cell metabolism and growth
3 major groups of nutrients
Carbohydrates ( sugars and carbs) lipids(fats) and proteins
chemicals of life are
vitamins and minerals
nucleic acid
What do vitamins and minerals do as chemicals of life
help in chemical reactions
what dose nucleic acid do as chemical of life
Make up DNA : the genetic material that directs cell activity
whats nucleic acid made up of
composed of sugar phosphate and nitrogen bases
Carbohydrates
Fast source of energy
Body dosent make , it gets it from diet
Contains Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
1:2:1 proportion C6H12O6
two categories: simple and complex sugars
what helps you identify sugars
-ose suffix
Common Carbohydrates
Glucose (blood sugar)
Fructose ( plant sugar in fruits)
Deoxyribose(sugar component in DNA)
Cellulose (cell wall component)
Carbohydrates simple sugars monosaccharides are
single sugar unit
all have same molecular formula C6H12O6 but structural arrangements differ
Carbohydrates simple sugar Monosaccharides ex
glucose fructose galactose
Carbohydrates simple sugars Disaccharides
two simple sugar units
Carbohydrates simple sugar’s disaccharides ex
Sucrose,Maltose and Lactose
Carbohydrates complex sugars are
polysaccharide meaning many linked simple sugars
polysaccharide
many linked simple sugars
Carbohydrates complex sugar’s polysaccharide ex
starch glycogen and cellulose
Lipids (fats ) are
Insoluble in water (non polar)
store 2.25x more energy per gran than any other molecule
component of cell membrane as cushion organs : carriers for vitamins A D E K ; raw material for synthesis of hormones; insulates against cold
composed of 2 structural units combined by dehydration synthesis
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
Triglycerides
a lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids
Lipids: Fats
triglycerides solid at room temp
single bond carbon atoms stable hard to break down
Saturated Fats ( you cant put anymore)
eg. animal fats like butter
Lipids:Oils
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature
Double bonds between carbon atoms (reactive and easily broken)
unsaturated fats
eg plsnt fats and olive oil
saturated fats
Lipids Fats single bond stable
ex animal fats butter
Unsaturated fats
Lipids oils double bond unstable easily broken
eg plant fats n olive oil
Lipids :Phospholipids
Phosphate group glycerol backbone of molecule
hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail
soluble in water
component of cell membrane
Proteins are predominant part of
muscles, skin , nerves, hair , organelles, antibodies, enzymes, provide energy for tissue although not main function
proteins are composed of
building blocks called amino acids
which are made of amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH) and R groups
what determines the type of protein
the order and number of aa
what are sequences of aa determined by
genes
two types of aa needed to make muscles
8 essential aa obtained from food
the body makes the rest of as needed for proteins
what happens if u lack essential aa
protein deficiency and disease
how are aa joined together
a water molecule is removed dehydration synthesis
what are chains of aa called
polypeptides
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between carboxyl group of one aa and the amino group of another aa
Denaturation
Physical or chemical factors that disrupt bonds cause change in the shape of the protein
protein will assume new shape and result in change of physical properties and biological activity of the protein
Can be reversed and once factor is removed assume original shape
which process is reversible and changes proteins shape temporally
denaturation
Coagulation
permanent change in protein shape
ex. boiling an egg
proteins in egg have coagulated and no matter how muchbit cools it cannot be reversed
Denaturation causes example
change in pH exposure to access heat or radiation
examples of types of carbohydrates
Simple sugars:monosaccharides: 1 unit of simple sugar , disaccharides: 2 units of simple sugar sucrose maltose lactose
Complex sugars: Polysaccharides: many simple sugar units linked together , starch glycogen cellulose
what are excess carbohydrates stored as in animals n plants
excess carbohydrates are converted and stored as glycogen in animals and starch in plants
cellulose
polysaccharide component of plant cell wall
starch
energy storage in plants
glycogen
energy storage in animals
general chem formula for carbohydrate
C6H12O6
The triglycerides in fat lipids and oil lipids are in what state at room temp
Fat solid
Oils liquid
What are lipids important functions
energy storage molecules, form cell membrane , steroids called estrogen n testosterone
which test is used to identify simple carbs and what is the result
Benedict solution , orange/green
what test is used to identify complex carbs and whats the results
Iodine , black
what test is used to identify lipids and whats the result
brown paper, translucent
what test is used to identify proteins and whats the result
biuret agent , violet / pink
control variable
what stays the same
manipulated variable
what is changed or unknown
responding variable
whats counted or measured for the test
are saturated or unsaturated lipids better
unsaturated
