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Bio 20 > blood and immune system > Flashcards

blood and immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

how much blood is plasma fluid

A

55%

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2
Q

what is blood composed of

A

plasma and blood cells (RBC,WBC and Platelets)

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3
Q

what is plasma

A

the majority of blood (55%) of which 90% is water and the rest is proteins , vitamins, minerals, dissolved gasses and waste products of cellular metabolism

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4
Q

How much of blood is composed of red blood cells

A

45%

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5
Q

What blood cells is blood composed of

A

RBC, WBC and Platelets

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6
Q

Red blood cells name

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

describe RBC

A
  • biconcave
  • no nucleus allowing room to carry hemoglobin
  • produced in bone marrow and live 120 days ish
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8
Q

hemoglobin definition

A

protein that helps carry gases and nutrients on RBC

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9
Q

Anemia definition

A

deficiency of in RBC or hemoglobin that leads to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues

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10
Q

Anemia causes

A

hemorrhage (bleeding) or iron deficiency

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11
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia definition

A

hereditary blood disorder which causes abnormalities in hemoglobin molecule in RBC and leads to abnormal sickle like shape of cells

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12
Q

whats sickle cell anemia associated with

A

chronic health problems, severe infections, attacks of severe pain, stroke and increased risk of death

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13
Q

WBC name

A

Leukocytes

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14
Q

WBC definition

A

part of immune response and contain nucleus and are much bigger than RBC

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15
Q

What happens to WBC when ur sick

A

number doubles to fight against sickness

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16
Q

Where are WBC produced

A

in bone marrow

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17
Q

Leukaemia definition

A

Cancer of bone marrow

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18
Q

what does leukaemia cause

A

Abnormal increase in production of immature WBC that weaken the immune system and prevent blood clotting normally to heal injuries leading to frequent nose bleeds and bruising

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19
Q

Types of WBC

A

Granulocytes, Monocytes and Lymphocytes

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20
Q

Granulocytes

A

Type of WBC that is found in circulating blood, engulf and destroy foreign bodies

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21
Q

Monocytes

A

WBC found in circulating blood , engulf and destroy foreign bodies

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22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

type of WBC that produces antibodies that incapacitate pathogens

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23
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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24
Q

Type of Monocytes

A

macrophages

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25
Q

two WBC found in circulating blood

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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26
Q

platelets name

A

thrombocytes

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27
Q

platelets definition

A

fragments of cells that form when larger cells in bone marrow break apart, important in blood clotting

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28
Q

whats blood clotting

A

prevention of excessive blood loss after injury

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29
Q

Blood clotting happens:

A

injured blood vessels releases chemicals that attract platelets, they released substances that produce enzyme thromboplastin and with help of calcium ions it reacts with prothrombin to react with fibrinogen and produce fibrin which acts as a mesh which keeps blood cells stuck together and keeps them from escaping

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30
Q

blood clotting cycle

A

platelets rupture > thromboplastin + calcium reacts with prothrombin = thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin is a mesh binding blood cells together

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31
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary disease that results from insufficient clotting proteins in the blood , increases risk of death upon injury

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32
Q

do platelets have a nucleus

A

no

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33
Q

do RBC have a nucleus

A

no

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34
Q

do wbc have a nucleus

A

yes

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35
Q

how much of blood is composed of rbc, wbc/platelets and plasma

A

rbc-44%
plasma-55%
wbc/plasma-1%

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36
Q

embolus

A

when a blood clot dislodges it can travel through body to lodge in vital organ

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37
Q

3 types of embolus

A

1- Cerebral embolism
2-coronary embolism
3-pulmonary embolism

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38
Q

function of the blood

A

transport nutrients wastes and hormones and homeostatic regulation (temp)

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39
Q

Vasodilation

A

blood vessels expand and move towards the skin to release heat

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40
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels contract and move away from the skin to conserve heat

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41
Q

vaso

A

vessels

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42
Q

what is vasodilation controlled

A

low blood pressure exercise and alcohol

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43
Q

What is vasoconstriction controlled by

A

high blood pressure and nicotine

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44
Q

lymphatic system

A

network of vessels/nodes closely associated with capillaries

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45
Q

how does lymphatic system and immunity relate

A

vessels collect lymph fluid (similar to plasma) which helps maintain balance of bodily fluids , bathing cells in intestrial fluid as it mixes with general blood circulation

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46
Q

where is lymphatic system found

A

intestinal wall

47
Q

intestinal wall dose what

A

carry some digested fats throughout the body

48
Q

what dose lymphatic system do

A

works with WBC to protect body against infections

49
Q

where so WBC mature

A

lymph nodes

50
Q

besides wbc lymph nodes also contain _____ which do what

A

macrophages , trap and destroy bacteria circulating in body

51
Q

wgen you are sick u feel

A

swelling of lymph glands behind ur jawbone or under atms

52
Q

what is the first line of difference

A

physical and chemical barriers

53
Q

examples of first line of defence

A

skin- protective barrier , acidic enough ti inhibit growth of microbes
lysozymes- enzyme produced in saliva mucous and perspiration
HCL- stomach acid, destroy microbes in food
Cilla- found is respiratory tract , cough mechanism, trap foreign microbes derbis

54
Q

Lysozyme

A

enzyme produced in tears, sweat, saliva, mucous, perspiration which destroy cell walls of bacteria

55
Q

diffrence between 1,2 line of defence and 3rd

A

1,2 are non specific /cell-meditated and are same for all pathogens
3- specific , antibody meditated immunity

56
Q

when is 2nd line of defence activated

A

if pathogens pass skin

57
Q

results from second line line of defence

A

localized inflammatory response ex. swelling, heat, redness, pain

58
Q

2nd line of defence 3 types of phagocytes

A

Monocytes, Macrophages and Neutrophils

59
Q

phagocytes

A

WBC that engulf microbes

60
Q

monocytes

A

move into tissues and become macrophages
type of phagocytes

61
Q

macrophages

A

type of phagocytes foreign invaders

62
Q

neutrophils

A

type of phagocytes
move into infected tissues by process called chemotaxis and eat the microbe and dmgd WBC

63
Q

fever

A

2nd line of defence
system wide defence to more severe dmg or infections

64
Q

how is fever triggerd as a 2nd line of defence

A

when neutrophils and macrophages digest invaders they release chem which go to brain and increase temp (fever) which kills many types of invaders

65
Q

fever makes what difficult

A

for harmful bacteria to survive

66
Q

by taking tylenol ur doing what

A

prolonging infection bc ur reducing fever

67
Q

3rd line of defence consists of

A

B cells, T cells and Antibodies

68
Q

the B,T cells and antibodies are made in

A

bone marrow

69
Q

T cells consist of

A

Helper, Killer , Suppressor and Memory T cells

70
Q

Helper T cells

A

analyse pathogens broken down by phagocytes and recruit B cells to help identify the foreign particles

71
Q

Killer T cells

A

recognize cells infected by a virus or cancerous human cells and destroy them

72
Q

Suppresor T cells

A

monitor killer T cells to make sure they don’t destroy healthy tissue

73
Q

Memory T cells

A

do not respond on first exposure but remain in blood for future invasions

74
Q

B cells are

A

recruited to the site of phagocytes by T cells where they become activated and divide into plasma and memory B cells

75
Q

Plasma B cells produce?

A

produce antibodies that recgonize and attach to the antigens of specific pathogens to essentially slow it sown and mark for destruction by phagocytes

76
Q

Antibodies remain in blood stream so

A

that next time the pathogens enters the bloodstream phagocytes can quickly destroy it

77
Q

Memory B cells

A

display antibodies (proteins) that match the antigens (proteins) presented by that particular pathogen and remain in bloodstream so that if they encounter pathogen again they can call a phagocytes

78
Q

antibodies

A

proteins that recognize antigens displayed by foreign particles qnd trigger the macrophages to neutralize or destroy them

79
Q

when do antibodies genarate

A

after WBC destroy pathogens through phagocytosis

80
Q

how di antibodies develop over time

A

1st exposure to antigen the immune response take time ti produce antibodies but the second time the response is more rapid and generates higher lvls oc antibodies and over time it leads to development of immune system

81
Q

antigen vs antibodies

A

antigens: ID card for pathogens
antibodies- created to fight pathogens

82
Q

granulocytes are

A

found in circulating blood , engulf and destroy foreign bodies

83
Q

lymphocytes do what

A

produce antibodies that incapacitate pathogens
(cell eating) Phagocytosis

84
Q

what produces antibodies

A

plasma

85
Q

antigens (Ag)

A

molecule on the surface of cells and pathogens

86
Q

antibodies (Ab)

A

protein that recognizes foreign substances and acts to neutralize or destroy them

87
Q

2 ways blood types can be classified

A

ABO grouping, Rh grouping
based on antigen markers found on the membranes of each RBC

88
Q

ABO grouping is a what

A

Rbc présent différent antigens based on our DNA which our WBC produce antibodies against other blood types making us incompatible with other blood types

89
Q

ABO system = what

A

presence or absence of type A and type B antigens on persons RBC

90
Q

blood type A has what antigens

A

antigen A

91
Q

blood type B has what antigens

A

antigen B

92
Q

nlood type AB has what antigens

A

both AB antigens

93
Q

blood type O has what antigen

A

no antigens

94
Q

Blood type A had what antibodies

A

anti-B

95
Q

blood type B has what antibodies

A

anti-A

96
Q

blood type AB has what antibodies

A

no antibodies

97
Q

blood type O has what antibodies

A

anti A and anti B

98
Q

Rhesus grouping is a ?

A

inherited antigen

99
Q

Individuals with Rhesus factir are?

A

Rhesus positive

100
Q

Individuals without a Rhesus factor are

A

Rhesus negative

101
Q

Rhesus negative can _____ to Rh + but cannot ____ Rh+ blood

A

donate , receive

102
Q

Recipent

A

receiver of blood

103
Q

universal recipient

A

Type AB+

104
Q

why is the universal recipient AB+

A

has all 3 antigens but no antibodies

105
Q

universal donor

A

type O-

106
Q

why is the universal donor O-

A

has no antigens

107
Q

type AB + blood can recive blood from ____. but donate to only ____

A

anybody, Ab+

108
Q

Type O- can recive blood from ____ and donate to ____

A

O- , anybody

109
Q

positive blood types only cant donate to

A

negative blood types

110
Q

negative donating to a positive is

A

okay

111
Q

negative donating to a negative

A

is okay

112
Q

positive donating to a positive

A

is okay

113
Q

positive donating to a negative

A

is not okay

114
Q

agglutination

A

blood clumping together

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