Digestion pt 2 Flashcards
What temperature dose the human body function at
37C
Problem with increasing temperature of the body
speeding up reactions in your body will damage proteins and destroy body cells , high fever can be fatal
how can reate of reaction be increased within body
increased temp and enzyme catalysts
Catalyst are
enzymes that speed up rate of reaction in your body without increasing temp
why are enzymes better at increasing rate of reaction
because they don’t increase temp which can damage cells and aren’t consumed or changed so can be used repeatedly
we hat are enzymes
catalyst, proteins that speed up rate of reaction and are specilized for specific reactions
ex. sucrase brakes down sucrose
who needs enzymes
all chemical reactions in living organisms
1.building up molecules
2.Breaking down molecules
3. Speeding up reactions
words for
1.Synthesis
2.Digestion
3.Catalysts
what are enzymes
protein catalysts
for reactants ti form a product they must posses enough ______ so that chemical bonds can be _____
activation energy, changed
what do enzymes do
reduce the reaction’s activation energy
substrate
The molecule which an enzyme works on
each is combined with a specific enzyme
This is what is changed during the reaction
What is changed during a reaction andcwhat stays the same
substrate changes
enzymes stay the same can be used again
Enzymes active site
the area that joins the enzyme with the substrate molecules
lock and key mechanism
each enzyme has specific active site that provides dock for specific substrate
whats it called when a substrate temporarily joins with a enzyme
enzyme substrate complex
What can affect enzyme reactions
pH, Temperature, substrate molecules concentration, competitive and non competitive inhibitors
how can temperature affect enzyme reactions
optimal is 37, toi high = bonds too weak to maintain enzyme shape , too low= bonds too flexible to enable the substrate to fir properly
how can pH affect enzyme reactions
most humans function between 6-8 , cant function when too low acidic or toobhigh basic
ex stomach pH very low 2-3 very acidic
how dose substrate concentration affect enzymes reaction
the greater the number of substrate molecules, greater collisions, greater the rate of reaction
how do competitive inhibitor’s affect enzymes reaction
molecules similar shape to substrate bind to active site and directly block the active site
how do non competitive inhibitors affect enzyme reactions
bind to enzymes allosteric site ( not active site) and change shape of active site of enzyme no reaction
feedback inhabitation
series of enzymatic reactions, product of first becomes the substrate for the next reaction
final product can gi n bund to allosteric site and change shape of active site preventing the enzyme n substratecfrom binding
slows reaction rate preventing further accumulation of final product
can be used in medication for good
what part of enzyme binds to substrate
active site
ingestion
taking in nutrients
digestion
breaking down nutrients
two types of digestion
physical/ mechanical eating and chemical enzymatic digestion
absorption
transportation of digested nutrients via blood
elimination
removal of undigested waste
how long is human digestive tract
6.5-9 m long
where dose digestion begin and how
mouth by physical ( mechanical) digestion when food is chewed to form a bolus
bolus
food thats already chewed
why do we chew our food
to increase Surface area for chemical digestion
what sre teeth covered in whatvis it
enamel which is hardest substance in human body
Saliva
fluid produced by salivary glands that serves 2 functions
to breakdown complex carbs with salivary amylase enzymes and dissolves food particles on flavour receptors on tounge
why dose the body do feedback inhabitation
to slow down rate or stop the rate of enzyme reaction to prevent waste in cells
Esophagus
tube from mouth to stomach where food bolus enters
when food bolus enters esophagus it activates what
walls of esophagus to stretch , peristalsis: smooth muscle that lines esophagus involuntarily contracts to help move food down
esophagus sphincter
ring like muscular structure that controls food entry into stomach
Stomach
J shaped organ , site of food storage and initial protein digestion ( pH range 1-3) acidic
Folded layers increase SA
How is food physically digested in the stomach
churring of food by stomach muscles
phylonic sphincter
controls emptying of stomach contents into small intestine
gastric juices
when food goes in acid and is secreted by cells lining the stomach which contributes to chemical digestion of food and converts food into chyme
chyme
the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.
HCL
kills harmful substances and converts pepsinogen into active form pepsin
pepsin
protein digestive enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds
mucus
protective alkaline layer that prevents stomach from being broken down by HCL
ulcers
when mucus layer in the stomach breaks down and stomach wall iscexposed to HCL and pepsin
increases acid production, very painful msy be due to bacteria , diet andcstress contribute
what organs make up the digestive system
mouth, salivary glands , esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, large intestines, rectum , anus
Small Intestine is composed of what
digestion occurs
composed of 3 sections 1 duodenum 2 jejunum and Ileum
where dose most digestion occur
small intestine, duodenum
howcdose digestion occur in duodenum small intestine
Chyme moves through the SI by peristalsis
Physical digestion = segmentation = chyme sloshing back and forth
whsts small intestine covered in
tiny projections called villi covered in microvilli tk increase SA of small intestine
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme
each villus (single villi) is supplied with
capillary network and lymph vessels called lacteals
what dose the capillary network and lymph vessels lacteals do
capillary network allows fluid and gas exchange to occur with blood stream
and lacteals transport products of fat digestion
pancreas
enzyme factory , releases enzymes to SI
Enzymes that chem digest the following
Proteins
Carbs
Lipids
Trypsin
Amylase
Lipase
Protein digestion in SI pt1 what enters Si and dose what
Chyme enters SI soaked in HCL and pepsin , HCL triggers conversion of hormone prosecretin into secretin which tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
In SI the prosecretin gets activated by what into secretin which then dose what
HCL, secretin then tells pancreas to release bicarbonate ions
what do bicarbonate ions HCO3 do in SI pt2 of protein digestion
bicarbonate ions increase pH from 2 to 9 become basic , basic pH inactivates pepsin
once pepsin is inactive what happens pt3 protein digestion
Trypsinogen gets converted into trypsin by enzyme enterokinase ( completes chem digestion of long chain proteins)
pt4 of protein digestion how are shorter chains of peptides broken down
Erepsin completes protein digestion by breaking down shorter chain peptides and converting tgem into aa
where dose protein digestion begin and with what how
In stomach with pepsin (protein digestive enzyme)
what activates trypsinogen into trypsin
enzyme enterokinase
what breaks down 2 chain peptides into aa
erepsin
Carbohydrates digestion in SI
what is released ti break down complex carbs
Pancreas release Amylase which breaks down complex carbs into disaccharides then monosaccharides
what releases enzymes amylase trypsin and lipase
pancreas
Lipid digestion in Si
what enzyme is released to break down lipids
pancreas releases lipases which break down fats lipids
What are the two types of lipases and what do they break down
Pancreatic lipase that breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Phospholipase - breaks down phospholipids
where dise absorption happen
small intestine
liver whatvis it what dose it di
Breaks down components of hemoglobin from blood
Converts glycogen to glucose vice versa depending on bodies sugar needs
Store’s vitamins A B12 D
Detoxifies harmful substances by making soluble and dissolved in blood eliminated in urine
Secrets bile waste
why is poop brown
bile
main function of liver
breaks down hemoglobin from blood
coverts maintains sufar by converting glucose to glycogen vice versa
detoxification of harmful substances
Gallbladder whatvit stores how is it triggered
stores bile salts produced by liver when not needed
when fats present in SI hotmone CCK released by SI triggering the release of bile salts from gallbladder
Large Intestine
Digestion dose not occur here
Concentrates and eliminates wastes , shorter than SI
Undigested chyme passes down to colon water n salt are absorbed, bacteria try to digest remaining waste
Gastrin
hormone messenger produced as the walks of the stomach are distended by presence of food
Secretin
hormone released from duodenum ehen stomach acids and chyme move from stomach to SI , initiates release of bicarbonate for raise in pH of stomach
CCK
relased from duodenum after consumption of fatty meal to slow digestion and allow more timevfor fat to becdigested n absorbed
what hormone is released in response to a strech in the stomach to relase more HCL
gastin
what switches prosecretin into secretin and what dose secretin do
HCL , tells pancreas tk relase bicarbonate ions tk neutralize pH of HCL ao it dosent effect lining of small intestine
where is Amylase produced and whatcdose it break down
Saliva and pancreas
Complex carbs > disaccharides
where is Disaccharides enzymes produced andcwhat dose it break down
small intestine
disaccharides > monosaccharides
Where is Pepsin produced and actuvated by ti breakdown what
Stomach , activated by HCL to break down polypeptide > peptide
Where is trypsin produced to break down what
pancreas
polypeptides into peptides
where is erepsin produced to break down what into what
pancreas small intestine
peptide into aa
where is lipase produced to break down what
pancreas
fat droplets into fatty acids + glycerol
