Respiration/Fermentation Mastering

Question 1

Why is ATP required for glycolysis?

Answer 1

ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules.

Question 2

Glycolysis literally means

Answer 2

sugar splitting

Question 3

How many net ATPs can be made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

Answer 3

two

Question 4

What carbon molecules remain at the end of glycolysis?

Answer 4

pyruvic acid

Question 5

what is glycolysis also called

Answer 5

Embden-Meyerhof pathway.

Question 6

what is an alternative way to return electron carriers to their oxidized state.

Answer 6

fermentation

Question 7

What is the role of pyruvic acid in fermentation?

Answer 7

It takes the electrons from NADH, oxidizing it back into NAD+.

Question 8

What is the fate of the NAD+ newly regenerated by fermentation?

Answer 8

It returns to glycolysis to pick up more electrons.

Question 9

what are some acids produced by fermentation

Answer 9

Lactic acid and propionic acid

Question 10

how many electron carriers are reduced in the Krebs cycle only?

Answer 10

four

Question 11

What is the function of GTP?

Answer 11

an energy carrier

Question 12

What is the fate of metabolites during respiration?

Answer 12

They are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water

Question 13

Where would you expect to find electron transport chains in a prokaryote?

Answer 13

along the plasma membrane

Question 14

which compounds provide electrons to the system?

Answer 14

NADH and FADH2

Question 15

what does oxygen get reduced to at the end of the electron transport chain?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

what does the electron transport chain do to the concentration of hydrogen ions (protons)?

Answer 16

The concentration of protons is higher outside the membrane than inside.

Question 17

The process of generating ATP using a proton gradient is referred to as

Answer 17

chemiosmosis.

Question 18

Why does FADH2 yield less ATP than NADH?

Answer 18

FADH2 electrons enter the electron transport chain at a lower energy level.

Question 19

what can be used as a final electron acceptor for aerobic respiration?

Answer 19

molecular oxygen

Question 20

What is one difference between ubiquinones and cytochromes?

Answer 20

Ubiquinones are not made of protein; cytochromes are.

Question 21

How does the proton gradient help ATP synthase to make ATP?

Answer 21

Protons move from outside the membrane to inside the membrane.

Question 22

how would lack of iron affect energy production of a bacterium?

Answer 22

Lack of iron would mean lack of heme, and thus lower amounts of functioning cytochrome proteins. This would mean lower energy yields.

Question 23

Why does lack of oxygen result in the halt of ATP synthesis?

Answer 23

The chain shuts down and can no longer pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, and the proton gradient cannot be maintained.

Question 24

Why might some cells uncouple the electron transport chain?

Answer 24

Cells can use the energy from the proton gradient for functions other than producing ATP, such as heat generation.

Question 25

what does not result in a breakdown of the proton gradient?

Answer 25

uncoupling proteins

Question 26

what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer 26

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as a final electron acceptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

Question 27

When the phosphate is transferred directly from an organic molecule to ADP in order to produce ATP without an energized membrane, what has occurred?

Answer 27

substrate-level phosphorylation