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Microbiology > Ch 4 Book #2 > Flashcards

Ch 4 Book #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

this is the smallest known bacteria that can grow outside host cells

A

mycoplasms

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2
Q

what protects mycoplasms from lysis

A

sterols

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3
Q

these have no peptidoglycan and contain pseudomurein

generally cannot be gram stained

A

archaea

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4
Q

used to identify mycobacterium

contain increased levels of mycolic acid

A

acid fast

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5
Q

this forms a layer outside of a thin layer of peptidoglycan on acid fast organisms

A

mycolic acid

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6
Q

what are most negative bacteria not susceptible to

A

penicilian

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7
Q

AKA inner membrane

encloses the cytoplasm of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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8
Q

this consists primarily of phospholipids and these are less rigid in prokaryotes than eukaryotes

A

plasma membrane

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9
Q

molecules are arranged in two parallel rows

A

lipid bilayer

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10
Q

proteins attached to carbohydrates

A

glycoproteins

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11
Q

lipids attached to carbohydrates

A

glycolipids

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12
Q

what do glycoproteins and glycolipids do

A

lubricate the cell

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13
Q

way of describing arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

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14
Q

what is the function of plasma membrane

A

selective permeability

contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP

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15
Q

bacterial plasma membranes often appear to contain one or more large folds of these

A

mesosomes

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16
Q

group of antibiotics that cause leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent death

A

polymyxins

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17
Q

what are the two types of moevement

A

passive and active

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18
Q

during this substances cross membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

passive

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19
Q

does passive require energy

A

NO

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20
Q

this is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

simple diffusion

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21
Q

even distribution

A

equilibrium

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22
Q

integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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23
Q

these permit the passage of small inorganic ions

A

transporters or permeases (proteins)

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24
Q

in bacteria, break down large molecules into simpler ones

once broken down, the subunits move into the cell with help of transporters

A

extracellular enzymes

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25
Q

movement of solvent molecules across a selctively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules

A

osmosis

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26
Q

what is the chief solvent

A

water

27
Q

the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes (pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane)

A

osmotic pressure

28
Q

what are the three types of osmotic solutions

A

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

29
Q

this is when the medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell

A

isotonic

30
Q

medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell (most bacteria live in this)

A

hypotonic

31
Q

medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has

A

hypertonic

32
Q

most bacteria placed in this shrink, collapse, or plasmolyze because water leaves cells by osmosis

A

hypertonic

33
Q

cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane
usually occurs from outside to inside

A

active transport

34
Q

active transport that only occurs in prokaryotes

the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane

A

group translocation

35
Q

what type of transport can some eukaryotes use

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

36
Q

substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
80% water
in prokaryotes it lacks cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming

A

cytoplasm

37
Q

what are the major structures of cytoplasm

A

nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions

38
Q

this contains a single long double strand of DNA called bacterial chromosome

A

nucleoid

39
Q

this is genetic info that carries info required for cell’s structures and functions
no nuclear envelope

A

nucleoid

40
Q

this is circular, double stranded molecules

A

plasmids

41
Q

these may be gained or lost without harming the cell
may carry genes
can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

plasmids

42
Q

function as the site of protein synthesis
composed of two subunits(protein ad rRNA)
smaller and less dense than in eukaryotes

A

ribosomes

43
Q

what is the number for ribosomes in prokaryotes

A

70S

44
Q

within the cytoplasm, reserve deposits

A

inclusions

45
Q 
large inclusions(stain red)
have volutin
A

metachromatic granules

46
Q

represents a reserve or inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP

A

volutin

47
Q

inclusions that consist of glycogen and starch

presence can be determined with iodine

A

polysaccharide granules

48
Q

this turns brown

A

glycogen

49
Q

this turns blue

A

starch

50
Q

appear in mycobacterium

revealed by staining cells with fat soluble dyes

A

lipid inclusions

51
Q

derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur containing compounds
serve as an energy source

A

sulfur granules

52
Q

contain the enzyme ribulose1, 5 diphosphate carboxylase

A

carboxysomes

53
Q

hollow cavities found in aquatic prokaryotes
maintain buoyancy so that cells can remain at the depth in the water appropriate for them to receive sufficient amounts of oxygen, light and nutrients

A

gas vacuoles

54
Q

inclusions of iron oxide

may protect the cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation

A

magnetosomes

55
Q

specialized resting cells

A

endospores

56
Q

process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell and takes several hours

A

sporulation/sporogenesis

57
Q

what are the stages of spore formation

A

spore septum-forespore-spore coat-endospore released

58
Q

what is an endospore at one end

A

terminally

59
Q

what is an endospore near one end

A

subterminally

60
Q

what do endospores contain

A

a large amount of organic acid called DPA which is accompanied by calcium ions

61
Q

DPA and calcium ions do what

A

protect the endospore

62
Q

the process whereby an endospore returns to its vegetative state

A

germination

63
Q

what is germination triggered by

A

by physical or damage to coat

Microbiology (26 decks)

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