Ch 4 Book #2 Flashcards
this is the smallest known bacteria that can grow outside host cells
mycoplasms
what protects mycoplasms from lysis
sterols
these have no peptidoglycan and contain pseudomurein
generally cannot be gram stained
archaea
used to identify mycobacterium
contain increased levels of mycolic acid
acid fast
this forms a layer outside of a thin layer of peptidoglycan on acid fast organisms
mycolic acid
what are most negative bacteria not susceptible to
penicilian
AKA inner membrane
encloses the cytoplasm of the cell
plasma membrane
this consists primarily of phospholipids and these are less rigid in prokaryotes than eukaryotes
plasma membrane
molecules are arranged in two parallel rows
lipid bilayer
proteins attached to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
lipids attached to carbohydrates
glycolipids
what do glycoproteins and glycolipids do
lubricate the cell
way of describing arrangement of phospholipids and proteins comprising the plasma membrane
fluid mosaic model
what is the function of plasma membrane
selective permeability
contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP
bacterial plasma membranes often appear to contain one or more large folds of these
mesosomes
group of antibiotics that cause leakage of intracellular contents and subsequent death
polymyxins
what are the two types of moevement
passive and active
during this substances cross membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
passive
does passive require energy
NO
this is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
simple diffusion
even distribution
equilibrium
integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
these permit the passage of small inorganic ions
transporters or permeases (proteins)
in bacteria, break down large molecules into simpler ones
once broken down, the subunits move into the cell with help of transporters
extracellular enzymes
movement of solvent molecules across a selctively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules
osmosis
what is the chief solvent
water
the pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes (pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane)
osmotic pressure
what are the three types of osmotic solutions
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
this is when the medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside a cell
isotonic
medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell (most bacteria live in this)
hypotonic
medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has
hypertonic
most bacteria placed in this shrink, collapse, or plasmolyze because water leaves cells by osmosis
hypertonic
cell uses energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane
usually occurs from outside to inside
active transport
active transport that only occurs in prokaryotes
the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane
group translocation
what type of transport can some eukaryotes use
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
80% water
in prokaryotes it lacks cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming
cytoplasm
what are the major structures of cytoplasm
nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions
this contains a single long double strand of DNA called bacterial chromosome
nucleoid
this is genetic info that carries info required for cell’s structures and functions
no nuclear envelope
nucleoid
this is circular, double stranded molecules
plasmids
these may be gained or lost without harming the cell
may carry genes
can be transferred from one bacterium to another
plasmids
function as the site of protein synthesis
composed of two subunits(protein ad rRNA)
smaller and less dense than in eukaryotes
ribosomes
what is the number for ribosomes in prokaryotes
70S
within the cytoplasm, reserve deposits
inclusions
large inclusions(stain red) have volutin
metachromatic granules
represents a reserve or inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
volutin
inclusions that consist of glycogen and starch
presence can be determined with iodine
polysaccharide granules
this turns brown
glycogen
this turns blue
starch
appear in mycobacterium
revealed by staining cells with fat soluble dyes
lipid inclusions
derive energy by oxidizing sulfur and sulfur containing compounds
serve as an energy source
sulfur granules
contain the enzyme ribulose1, 5 diphosphate carboxylase
carboxysomes
hollow cavities found in aquatic prokaryotes
maintain buoyancy so that cells can remain at the depth in the water appropriate for them to receive sufficient amounts of oxygen, light and nutrients
gas vacuoles
inclusions of iron oxide
may protect the cell against hydrogen peroxide accumulation
magnetosomes
specialized resting cells
endospores
process of endospore formation within a vegetative cell and takes several hours
sporulation/sporogenesis
what are the stages of spore formation
spore septum-forespore-spore coat-endospore released
what is an endospore at one end
terminally
what is an endospore near one end
subterminally
what do endospores contain
a large amount of organic acid called DPA which is accompanied by calcium ions
DPA and calcium ions do what
protect the endospore
the process whereby an endospore returns to its vegetative state
germination
what is germination triggered by
by physical or damage to coat
