Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Principles of Disease > Flashcards

Principles of Disease Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all interactions of one species with one another

A

symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

often used to identify mutualisms

A

symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Both organisms benefit from interaction

A

mutualisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

One organism benefits and the other is

neither harmed nor helped

A

commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Organism that benefits

A

commensal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

example of commensalism

A

Surface microbes on plants or

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

One organism gains and the other is harmed

A

parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Often difficult to distinguish from predation

Can be used as a form of biological control

A

parasitism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

microorganisms found growing on body

surfaces of healthy individuals; permanently colonize the host

A

Normal Microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does normal microbiota protect through

A

competitive exclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sites of Colonization by Normal Flora

A

eyes, mouth, skin, large intestine, and urinary and reproductive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The addition of microbes to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value

A

probiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host

A

prebiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oligosaccharide polymers that
are not processed until they
enter large intestine

A

prebiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Combination of prebiotics and

probiotics in single supplement

A

Synbiotic System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

limits colonization of gut by the process of

competitive exclusion

A

PREEMPT(benefit of probiotics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Colonization of the body by pathogens

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital functions

A

disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disease that is caused by microorganisms

A

Infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A disease that is not

transmitted from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A disease that is spread from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A disease that is easily spread

from one host to another

A

Contagious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A change in body function that is felt by a

patient as a result of disease

A

symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A change in a body that can be measured or

observed as a result of disease

A

sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms that

accompany a disease

A

syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Usually short in duration
Host may develop long-lasting immunity
Result in productive infections

A

Acute Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Viruses (pathogen) continually present in host

Can be divided into three categories

A

Persistent Infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

three categories of persistent infections

A

latent, chronic, and slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Infection is followed by symptomless period,
Virus stops reproducing and remains dormant for some time
symptoms, antivirus-antibodies, and viruses are not detectable

A

Latent infections

30
Q

Infectious particles are again detected

A

reactivation

31
Q

examples of reactivation/latency

A

Herpes simplex viruses (cold sores)

Shingles (zoster)

32
Q

Infectious agent can be detected at all times
Disease may be present or absent during extended
times or may develop late

A

chronic

33
Q

example of chronic infection

A

Hepatitis C

34
Q

Infectious agent gradually increases in amount over long period of time

A

slow infections

35
Q

Two groups of infectious agents cause slow infections

A

Lentiviruses (retroviruses) which include HIV

and Prions

36
Q

occurs occasionally in a population (or at irregular

intervals)

A

Sporadic disease

37
Q

sudden, unexpected occurrence of disease

usually focal or in a limited segment of population

A

outbreak

38
Q

constantly present in a population

A

endemic

39
Q

acquired by many hosts in a given area

in a short time

A

epidemic

40
Q

Increase in disease occurrence within large

population over wide region (usually worldwide)

A

pandemic

41
Q

Fraction of a population that contracts a

disease during a specific time

A

incidence

42
Q

Fraction of a population having a specific

disease at a given time

A

prevalence

43
Q

Mapped the occurrence of

cholera in London 1848

A

John Snow

44
Q

Showed that handwashing
decreased the incidence of
puerperal fever 1846

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

45
Q

Showed that improved sanitation
decreased the incidence of
epidemic typhus 1858

A

Florence Nightingale

46
Q

plays important role in isolation and identification of

pathogen

A

Clinical microbiology lab

47
Q

location from which pathogen is immediately

transmitted to host

A

source

48
Q

site or natural environmental location in which
pathogen normally resides
sometimes functions as source of pathogen

A

reservoir

49
Q

the important animate

sources of the pathogen

A

human hosts

50
Q

(infected host)

A

carriers

51
Q

harbors pathogen a short time

A

casual carrier

52
Q

harbors pathogen for long periods of time

A

chronic carrier

53
Q

harbors pathogen but is not yet ill

A

incubatory carrier

54
Q

has overt clinical case of disease

A

active carrier

55
Q

has recovered from disease but continues to

harbor large numbers of pathogen

A

convalescent carrier

56
Q

harbors pathogen but is not ill

A

healthy carrier

57
Q

Sources/Reservoirs

A

animal, water, air, soil, and food

58
Q

Four main routes of pathogen transmission

A

Contact
Airborne
Vehicle
vector-borne

59
Q

coming together or touching of

source/reservoir and host

A

contact transmission

60
Q

intermediate contact
common objects such as tissues, bedding, eating
utensils, toys, books

A

fomites

61
Q

inanimate materials or objects involved in
pathogen transmission
single vehicle spreads pathogen to multiple hosts
e.g., water and food

A

vehicle transmission

62
Q

passive carriage of pathogen on body of vector

no growth of pathogen during transmission

A

external transmission

63
Q

carried within vector

A

internal transmission

64
Q

pathogen does not undergo changes

within vector

A

harborage transmission

65
Q

pathogen undergoes changes within vector

A

biologic transmission

66
Q

two main factors of host susceptibility

A

defense mechanisms of host

pathogenicity of pathogen

67
Q

movement of pathogen to portal of exit

Example: parasitic helminths

A

active escape

68
Q

excretion in feces, urine, droplets, saliva, or
desquamated cells
Mode most frequently used by microoganisms

A

passive escape

69
Q

first step in controlling epidemics

A

Reduce or eliminate source or reservoir of infection

70
Q

second step in controlling epidemics

A

Break connection between source and susceptible

individual

71
Q

third step in controlling epidemics

A

Reduce number of susceptible individuals (raise the

level of herd immunity

72
Q

acquired due to hospital stay

affects 5-15 % of hospital patients

A

nosocomial infections

Microbiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions