Metabolism Part 1 Flashcards
the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell
metabolism
breakdown of larger complex molecules into smaller ones, energy is released
catabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy
anabolism
occur as a series of chemical reactions using intermediates to convert the starting molecules to products
metabolic pathways
these make reactions of life possible at livable temperatures
also mediate the steps in metabolic pathways
enzymes
what are the enzymes doing
acting as catalysts
catalyze reaction by lowering activation energy
energy required to form transition state complex
activation energy
are enzymes consumed in reactions
no
this is the region where the substrate(s) attach
active site
enzyme conformation changes as substrates enter, closing around substrates
induced fit
how are enzymes classified
based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed
Non protein component needed for functioning enzyme
Ex/ magnesium, zinc, copper
Cofactors
Organic cofactors
Act as carriers for molecules or electrons
Not as specific as enzymes
May act with numerous enzymes
Coenzymes
What are the three regulation
Non competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition
Feedback inhibition
Inhibitor and substrate act on different enzyme sites
Allosteric vs feedback inhibition
Non competitive inhibition
Inhibitor competes for active site with the substrate
Inhibitor is structurally similar to the substrate
Competitive inhibition
Product of a series of enzyme controlled reactions
Inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway
Feedback inhibition
What is the capacity to do work
Energy
Exists as potential and kinetic energy
Microbes use various energy sources (light, organic and inorganic molecules)
Harvesting energy
This releases energy
Example is burning sugar
Exergonic reactions
Use energy to produce the products
Endergonic reactions
What is the currency of the cell
ATP
Where is energy held
I’m high energy bonds between phosphate groups
Production of ATP
1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation
3) photophos phorylation
This uses chemical energy to add phosphate ion to molecules of ADP
Substrate level phosphorylation
Uses energy from proton motive force to add phosphate ion to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Utilized radiant energy from sun to convert phosphorylation ADP to ATP
Photophosphorylation
These are reactions in which there is a transfer of one or more electrons between reactant molecules
Oxidation reduction reactions
A molecule on which electrons are parked
Transport energy from one point in the cell to another
Electron carriers
What are the three important electron carriers
NAD+
FAD
NADP+
What are the three key pathways
Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxcylic acid cycle
What are the central pathways
Catabolic
Pathways modify organic molecules to form what
High energy intermediates to synthesize ATP
intermediates to generate reducing power
Intermediates and end products as precursor metabolites
What is glycolysis also called
Embden myerhoff pathway
In general what does glycolysis do
Oxidizes glucose to two molecules of pyruvate
What are the two phases of glycolysis
Preparation and energy harvest
During this add two phosphates from ATP to 6 carbon sugar
I’m bacteria, first ATP added during group transports through membrane
Preparation
Two 3C molecules rearranged to pyruvate
Each produces 2 ATP and 1 NADH
Energy harvest
