Introduction Flashcards
the study of microbes(microscopic organisms) that includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses
microbiology
the study of bacteria
bacteriology
typically involves medically important taxa
bacteriolgoy
what is the plague
yersinia
what is gene bacteria
agrobacterium
when did the birth of microbiology start
with the start of microscopes
who observed bacteria and animalcules and is noted as the father of microscopy
Leeuwenhoek
was Leeuwenhoek the first to use a microscope
no but his had the best magnification
what was the period of new expansion in microbiology called from 1857-1911
golden age of microbiolgy
the study of an organism’s genes, this provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
genomics
what did Carl Woese do
in the 1970s used nRNA to elucidate bacterial phylogenies
these describe Archaea
revolutionized bacterial biodiversity
what is DNA made from two different sources
recombinant DNA
what does recombinant DNA do
enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins(including vaccines and enzymes)
missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in what
gene therapy
what are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing
genetically modified bacteria
who produced animal protein in 1960s
Paul Berg
are microbes pathogenic
no, very few are disease causing
do microbes decompose organic waste
yes
how are microbes producers in ecosystems
via photosynthesis
do microbes produce industrial chemicals
yes for example, ethanol and acetone
do microbes produce fermented foods
yes for example, vinegar, cheese, and chocolate
what are examples of products in manufacturing and treatment that microbes produce
manufacturing: celluase and treatment:insulin
this is the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals
biotechnolgy
what is an example of an every day item that has been affected by microbes
jeans
this is used to answer questions in a rigorous, repeatable way
scientific method
idea or concept that can be tested by experimentation
hypothesis
what are the five steps of the scientific method
1)identify the problem/question 2)develop a testable hypothesis 3)select info needed to test hypothesis 4)collect info 5) analyze info
what happens if the hypothesis is rejected
go back to step two and develop a new hypothesis
what happens if the hypothesis is accepted
experimental verification and modify hypothesis
how are hypotheses changed
modified over time
a set of propositions and concepts that provides a reliable systematic and rigorous account of some aspect of nature
theory
what are NEVER completely proven
theories
living cells can only arise from ______________
preexisting cells
who believed in the vital essences of living creatures and spontaneous generation
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
what is the idea that organisms can arise from non living matter
spontaneous generation
who set out meat containers in the 1600s in attempt to disprove spontaneous generation
Francesco Redi
what was the impact of Leeuwenhoek and Redi
People were aware of microscopic animalcules Macroscopic organisms(flies) no longer believed in spontaneous generation
who boiled mutton broth and sealed after boiling(turned cloudy) in 1713-81
John Needham
what did John Needham determine
organic matter contains vital force
who repeated experiments but boiled longer and sealed flasks by melting necks(broth never turned cloudy)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-99)
how did supporters of spontaneous generation undermine Spallanzani
said fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur (he was boiling in sealed flask)
who was a French physician and botanist that filtered air through sterile cotton and discovered objects resembling plant spores
Louis Pasteur (1822-95)
what did Pasteur conclude
it is organic structures that cause growth
what was Pasteur’s second experiment
placed nutrient in flask, heated necks and drew into curves, boiled solutions (result was no growth)
why did no growth occur in original flask of Pasteur’s experiment
bacteria was trapped in neck of flask
who concluded that different infusions require different times and attributed contamination to heat resistant life form
John Tyndall
who discovered endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
