Introduction

Question 1

the study of microbes(microscopic organisms) that includes bacteria, fungi, and viruses

Answer 1

microbiology

Question 2

the study of bacteria

Answer 2

bacteriology

Question 3

typically involves medically important taxa

Answer 3

bacteriolgoy

Question 4

what is the plague

Answer 4

yersinia

Question 5

what is gene bacteria

Answer 5

agrobacterium

Question 6

when did the birth of microbiology start

Answer 6

with the start of microscopes

Question 7

who observed bacteria and animalcules and is noted as the father of microscopy

Answer 7

Leeuwenhoek

Question 8

was Leeuwenhoek the first to use a microscope

Answer 8

no but his had the best magnification

Question 9

what was the period of new expansion in microbiology called from 1857-1911

Answer 9

golden age of microbiolgy

Question 10

the study of an organism’s genes, this provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

Answer 10

genomics

Question 11

what did Carl Woese do

Answer 11

in the 1970s used nRNA to elucidate bacterial phylogenies
these describe Archaea
revolutionized bacterial biodiversity

Question 12

what is DNA made from two different sources

Answer 12

recombinant DNA

Question 13

what does recombinant DNA do

Answer 13

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins(including vaccines and enzymes)

Question 14

missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in what

Answer 14

gene therapy

Question 15

what are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

Answer 15

genetically modified bacteria

Question 16

who produced animal protein in 1960s

Answer 16

Paul Berg

Question 17

are microbes pathogenic

Answer 17

no, very few are disease causing

Question 18

do microbes decompose organic waste

Answer 18

yes

Question 19

how are microbes producers in ecosystems

Answer 19

via photosynthesis

Question 20

do microbes produce industrial chemicals

Answer 20

yes for example, ethanol and acetone

Question 21

do microbes produce fermented foods

Answer 21

yes for example, vinegar, cheese, and chocolate

Question 22

what are examples of products in manufacturing and treatment that microbes produce

Answer 22

manufacturing: celluase and treatment:insulin

Question 23

this is the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals

Answer 23

biotechnolgy

Question 24

what is an example of an every day item that has been affected by microbes

Answer 24

jeans

Question 25

this is used to answer questions in a rigorous, repeatable way

Answer 25

scientific method

Question 26

idea or concept that can be tested by experimentation

Answer 26

hypothesis

Question 27

what are the five steps of the scientific method

Answer 27

1)identify the problem/question 2)develop a testable hypothesis 3)select info needed to test hypothesis 4)collect info 5) analyze info

Question 28

what happens if the hypothesis is rejected

Answer 28

go back to step two and develop a new hypothesis

Question 29

what happens if the hypothesis is accepted

Answer 29

experimental verification and modify hypothesis

Question 30

how are hypotheses changed

Answer 30

modified over time

Question 31

a set of propositions and concepts that provides a reliable systematic and rigorous account of some aspect of nature

Answer 31

theory

Question 32

what are NEVER completely proven

Answer 32

theories

Question 33

living cells can only arise from ______________

Answer 33

preexisting cells

Question 34

who believed in the vital essences of living creatures and spontaneous generation

Answer 34

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Question 35

what is the idea that organisms can arise from non living matter

Answer 35

spontaneous generation

Question 36

who set out meat containers in the 1600s in attempt to disprove spontaneous generation

Answer 36

Francesco Redi

Question 37

what was the impact of Leeuwenhoek and Redi

Answer 37

People were aware of microscopic animalcules
Macroscopic organisms(flies) no longer believed in spontaneous generation

Question 38

who boiled mutton broth and sealed after boiling(turned cloudy) in 1713-81

Answer 38

John Needham

Question 39

what did John Needham determine

Answer 39

organic matter contains vital force

Question 40

who repeated experiments but boiled longer and sealed flasks by melting necks(broth never turned cloudy)

Answer 40

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-99)

Question 41

how did supporters of spontaneous generation undermine Spallanzani

Answer 41

said fresh air was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur (he was boiling in sealed flask)

Question 42

who was a French physician and botanist that filtered air through sterile cotton and discovered objects resembling plant spores

Answer 42

Louis Pasteur (1822-95)

Question 43

what did Pasteur conclude

Answer 43

it is organic structures that cause growth

Question 44

what was Pasteur’s second experiment

Answer 44

placed nutrient in flask, heated necks and drew into curves, boiled solutions (result was no growth)

Question 45

why did no growth occur in original flask of Pasteur’s experiment

Answer 45

bacteria was trapped in neck of flask

Question 46

who concluded that different infusions require different times and attributed contamination to heat resistant life form

Answer 46

John Tyndall

Question 47

who discovered endospores

Answer 47

Ferdinand Cohn