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Microbiology > Ch 13 Viruses Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch 13 Viruses Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are general characteristics of viruses

A 
Non-living entities
	Not considered organisms
Can infect organisms of all life-forms
Obligate intracellular parasites
	Unable to reproduce outside of living cells
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2
Q

what do viruses contain

A

a single type of nucleic acid

a protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid

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3
Q

where do viruses multiply and why

A

inside living cells, using the synthesizing machinery of the cell

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4
Q

what do viruses cause

A

synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells.

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5
Q

describe viruses

A

Simple organization
DNA or RNA but not both (one exception)
Unable to reproduce outside of living cells
Obligate intracellular parasites

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6
Q

describe cellular organisms

A

Complex organization
Both DNA and RNA
Carry out cell division
Some are obligate intracellular parasites

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7
Q

Complete virus particle

A

virion

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8
Q

what does a virion consist of

A

Consists of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat

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9
Q

what is the name of the protein coat

A

capsid

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10
Q

describe the capsid

A

composed of capsomeres

Protects genome and aids in transfer between host cells

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11
Q

virions can be what

A

naked or enveloped

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12
Q

describe naked vs enveloped

A

Naked – without envelope

Enveloped – surrounded by lipid membrane

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13
Q

these are membrane structures surrounding some viruses

A

viral envelopes

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14
Q

(spikes) are proteins in envelope and are virus specific

A

peplomers

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15
Q

Lipids and carbohydrates in envelope are usually derived from

A

host membranes

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16
Q

describe the viral genome

A

Contains only single type of nucleic acid
Either DNA or RNA (never both)
Can be linear or circular
Single-stranded or double-stranded

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17
Q

where does viral replication occur

A

Only multiply inside metabolizing cell

Use host machinery to support reproduction

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18
Q

every virus…

A

contains information to make viral proteins, assure replication and move in and out of host cells

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19
Q

what two phases to viruses live in

A

intracellular and extracellular

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20
Q

extracellular vs intracellular phases

A

Extracellular phase
Metabolically inert
Intracellular phase
Metabolically active

21
Q

what are the morphological types of viruses

A

viruses have different shapes

22
Q

Shaped like hollow tubes with protein walls

A

helical capsids

23
Q

Regular polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular faces and 12 vertices

A

Icosahedral Capsids

24
Q

what are bacteriophages classified by

A

Based on two major criteria
Phage morphology
Nucleic acid properties

25
Q

what was the oldest classification of viruses based on

A

symptomatology

26
Q

what allows for grouping of viruses into families based on genomics and structure

A

DNA sequencing

27
Q

group of viruses sharing the same genetic info and host range

A

viral species

28
Q

what are viral enzymes entirely concerned with

A

replicating/processing viral nucleic acid

29
Q

this shows the multiplication of viruses

A

one step growth curve

30
Q

what are the five steps of the lytic cycle

A

1)attachment 2)penetration 3)biosynthesis 4)maturation 5)release

31
Q

describe the attachment stage of the lytic cycle

A 
attachment site on the virus attaches to a complementary receptor site on the bacterial cell
chemical interaction(weak bonds are formed)
32
Q

where are the complementary receptors sites

A

bacterial cell wall

33
Q

describe the penetration stage of the lytic cycle

A

bacteriophage injects its DNA into the bacterium
phage lysozome
tail sheath of the phage contracts and tail is driven into cell wall

34
Q

where does the capsid remain

A

outside the bacterial cell wall

35
Q

what the bacteriophage’s tail releases

enzymes that breaks down a portion of the cell wall

A

phage lysozome

36
Q

describe the biosynthesis stage of the lytic cycle

A

hose protein synthesis is stopped by virus induced degradation of the host DNA, viral proteins that interfere with transcription or repression of translation

37
Q

period during viral multiplication when complete invective virions are not yet present

A

eclipse period

38
Q

describe the maturation stage of the lytic cycle

A

bacteriophage DNA and capsids are assembled into complete virions
head is filled with phage DNA and attached to the tail

39
Q

describe the release stage of the lytic cycle

A

release of virions from the hose cell
lysis
lysozyme

40
Q

plasma membrane actually breaks open

A

lysis

41
Q

encoded by phage gene and is synthesized within the cell
this causes bacterial cell wall to break down
newly produced bacteriophages are released and infect new cells

A

lysozyme

42
Q

may proceed through a lytic cycle but are capable of incorporating their DNA into the host’s DNA to begin lysogenic

A

lysogenic phages

43
Q

phage remains latent(inactive)

A

lysogeny

44
Q

what are the stages of the lysogenic cycle

A

1)attachement 2)penetration 3) prophage 4)replicate prophage DNA 5)excision of DNA 6)lytic cycle

45
Q

describe the prophage of lysogenic cycle

A

circle can recombine with and become part of the circular bacterial DNA
inserted phage=prophage
phage genes are turned off

46
Q

describe the fourth stage of lysogenic cycle

A

replicates the prophage DNA

lysogeic bacterium produces normally

47
Q

what are the three results of lysogeny

A

1) lysogenic cells are immune to reinfection by same phage
2) phage conversion
3) specialized trandsuction

48
Q

host cell may exhibit new properties

A

phage conversion

49
Q

this occurs when only certain bacterial genes can be transferred

A

specialized transduction

Microbiology (26 decks)

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