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Microbiology > Genetics PPT 1 > Flashcards

Genetics PPT 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do chromosomes consist of

A

nucleic acid and protein

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2
Q

what are the two forms that Streptococcus pneumoniae exist in

A

• Encapsulated, virulent form
 Smooth in colony appearance
• Nonencapsulated, avirulent form
 Rough in colony appearance

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3
Q

who did an experiment in 1928 with Streptococcus S and R Cells

A

Fred Griffith

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4
Q

who conducted a 14 year study to identify the

transforming agent identified by Griffith.

A

Oswald Avery (1944)

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5
Q

examined the nitrogenous bases found in DNA He found that the composition of the nitrogenous bases varies from species to species

A

Erwin Chargaff (1947)

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6
Q

The experiments by them provided additional evidence for DNA as the carrier of information

A

Hershey and Chase (1952)

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7
Q

what did Hershey and Chase do

A

used radioactive labels to identify the protein and DNA components of the T2phage

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8
Q

Complete set of genetic information is referred to as

a

A

genome

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9
Q

Genome of all cells is composed of

A

DNA

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10
Q

Functional unit of genome is the

A

gene

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11
Q

Gene codes for

A

gene product

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12
Q

Gene product is most commonly

A

protein

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13
Q

Study of transfer of genes

A

genetics

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14
Q

Study of sequence of DNA

A

genomics

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15
Q

Living cells must accomplish what two general tasks to multiply

A

DNA replication and DNA expression (gene expression)

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16
Q

Expression involves what

A

transcription and translation

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17
Q

this copies information in DNA to RNA

A

transcription

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18
Q

this interprets RNA to synthesize protein

A

translation

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19
Q

what is DNA made up of

A

deoxyribonucleotides

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20
Q

what do the nucleotides include

A

Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose), and Nitrogenous base

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21
Q

what does the joining of nucleotides create

A

an alternating sugarphosphate backbone

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22
Q

DNA occurs as what

A

double-stranded molecule

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23
Q

strands are held together by what

A

hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

what are the complementary pairs

A

A is bound to T by two hydrogen bonds

G is bound to C by three hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

what causes strands to differ at the

ends

A

Chemical structure and

joining of nucleotide subunits

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26
Q

DNA molecule is

A

anti parallel

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27
Q

One strand has a phosphate attached at the number 5

carbon of the sugar

A

5 prime end

28
Q

The other strand has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of the sugar

A

3 prime end

29
Q

how does prokaryotic DNA usually exist

A

closed circular, double stranded DNA molecule

30
Q

Looped and coiled extensively is what

A

supercoiled

31
Q

Portion of the genome that contains an origin and is replicated as a unit

A

replicon

32
Q

replication in prokaryotes is

A

bidirectional

33
Q

why is DNA replicated

A

to create a second copy of the molecule

34
Q

This is a complex process involving numerous enzymes

and proteins

A

DNA replication

35
Q

two parental strands separate and serve as templates for synthesis of new strands

A

semiconservative

36
Q

The two new molecules each contain

A

a parental and new strand

37
Q

As the strands of DNA unwind, an area of replication called the ________ ______ is created

A

replication fork

38
Q

As nucleotides are added, the replication fork moves along the

A

parental strand

39
Q

how is DNA synthesized

A

one nucleotide at a time

40
Q

enzymes, in regards to DNA replication, …

A

read DNA template in 3’ to 5’ direction

41
Q

DNA polymerase, in regards to DNA replication, …

A

replicates in 5’ to 3’ direction

42
Q

Is synthesized continuously as the DNA polymerase

moves towards the replication fork

A

leading strand

43
Q

Is synthesized discontinuously, in pieces, as DNA

polymerase moves away from the replication fork

A

lagging strand

44
Q

DNA polymerase must bind to ___ ____ to begin

synthesis

A

an RNA primer

45
Q

what joins the fragments of the lagging strand

A

DNA ligase

46
Q

complete sequence of events extending from formation of a new cell through next division

A

cell cycle

47
Q

what are the two separate control pathways in E coli

A

sensitive to cell mass

sensitive to cell length

48
Q

DNA replicated then septation begins

A

slow growth rate

49
Q

DNA replicated and new round of DNA replication begins before septation begins

A

rapid growth rate

50
Q

what does gene expression in bacteria involve

A

transcription and translation

51
Q

Carries the coded information from DNA to the
ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis
Plays an important role in translation

A

mRNA

52
Q

transcription in prokaryotes…

A

catalyzed by a single RNA polymerase

• large multi-subunit enzyme

53
Q

RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides…

A

to the 3’ end of a chain

54
Q

RNA polymerase binds to a region of the DNA called the

A

promoter

55
Q

one strand of DNA acts as a template

A

sense strand

56
Q

strand not transcribed

A

nonsense strand

57
Q

subunit that recognizes the promoter before initiation of transcription.

A

sigma factor

58
Q

during this, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and melts (unwinds) a short piece of DNA

A

initiation

59
Q

The single-stranded mRNA transcript is synthesized in
the 5’ to 3’ direction
RNA polymerase advances along DNA, melting a
section at a time and allowing the previous section to
close

A

elongation

60
Q

When polymerase encounters the termination code it

dissociates from DNA and releases mRNA

A

termination

61
Q

A transcript for one gene

A

monocistronic

62
Q

transcript for multiple genes

A

polycistronic

63
Q

what are the RNA molecules involved in translation

A
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

* Transfer RNA (tRNA)

64
Q

what are the two general mechanisms of metabolic pathways

A

Allosteric inhibition of enzymes

Controlling synthesis of enzymes

65
Q

Many genes are not regulated, their products being

produced all the time

A

constitutive enzymes

66
Q

Regulation of gene expression… (3)

A 
conserves energy and raw materials
• maintains balance between the amounts of
various cell proteins
• allows organism to adapt to long-term
environmental change

Microbiology (26 decks)

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