Antimicrobials Vaccines

Question 1

Vaccines are useful for diseases that are

Answer 1

acute

Question 2

mimics the pathogen and stimulates an immune

system response similar to actual infection

Answer 2

vaccines

Question 3

examples of vaccines

Answer 3

smallpox, polio, Hepatitis A and B,

measles

Question 4

what diseases are vaccines not efficient against

Answer 4

chronic infections (deadly diseases)
AIDS, herpes, Hepatitis C, malaria

Question 5

deliberate inoculation of dried
pus into the arm of healthy person
used in 10th century

Answer 5

Variolation

Question 6

Learned that milk maids did not fear smallpox as they had already been infected with cowpox
Published case reports of successful
attempts to prevent smallpox by exposure to cowpox

Answer 6

1796 Edward Jenner

Question 7

term vaccination is derived from

Answer 7

vacca, for cow

Question 8

The protection

Answer 8

immunity

Question 9

protection of susceptible humans and animals
from communicable diseases by stimulation of
immune system

Answer 9

active immunity

Question 10

produced by providing human or animal with

preformed antibodies

Answer 10

passive immunity

Question 11

No new antibodies are formed
No memory is established
Protection is immediate
Short term effectiveness

Answer 11

passive immunity

Question 12

immunocompetent individual
Creates immune memory
Requires several days to develop
Lasts a long time

Answer 12

active immunity

Question 13

Uses specific antibodies against a known infectious
agent
Obtained from a convalescent person in
hyperimmune state from specific infections

Answer 13

passive artificial immunity

Question 14

antitoxin of animal origin

Answer 14

antisera

Question 15

Exposure to specially prepared microbial stimulus
triggering the immune response
Stimulus is antigenic but not pathogenic

Answer 15

artificial active immunity

Question 16

Complex antigens, very immunogenic
Inactivated (killed)
Attenuated (live but avirulent)

Answer 16

whole organism vaccines

Question 17

Often require larger doses and more booster shots

Humoral antibody response

Answer 17

inactivated whole organism

Question 18

Usually require special storage
They are transmissible
They are less stable and may revert to virulent
form.

Answer 18

attenuated whole organism

Question 19

Use specific macromolecules derived from the

pathogen

Answer 19

acellular vaccines

Question 20

what are the three types of acellular vaccines

Answer 20

Capsular polysaccharides, surface antigen, and toxiods

Question 21

Using plants to produce antigens
Use genetic engineering to produce antigens of
hard to culture parasites

Answer 21

acellular vaccines

Question 22

gene from pathogen isolated and inserted into nonvirulent virus or bacterium

Answer 22

Recombinant vector vaccines

Question 23

plasmid containing genes for pathogen’s
antigens is injected into host
plasmid taken up by muscle cells

Answer 23

DNA vaccines

Question 24

The use of drugs to treat a disease

Answer 24

chemotherapy

Question 25

Interfere with the growth of microbes

within a host

Answer 25

antimicrobial drugs

Question 26

A substance produced by a microbe that, in small

amounts, inhibits another microbe

Answer 26

antibiotic

Question 27

A drug that kills harmful microbes without

damaging the host

Answer 27

Selective toxicity

Question 28

Kill microbes directly

Answer 28

Bactericidal

Question 29

Prevent microbes from growing

Answer 29

Bacteriostatic

Question 30

Inhibit folic acid synthesis

Broad spectrum

Answer 30

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

Question 31

Several drugs have been developed that target specific
points in the infectious cycle
Therefore they have a narrow spectrum

Answer 31

Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents

Question 32

Blocks elongation of DNA molecule

Inhibit reverse transcriptase

Answer 32

Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs

Question 33

Amino acid analogs
Inhibit breakdown of cellular proteins
Attach to reverse transcriptase and block
function

Answer 33

Protease inhibitors

Question 34

Inhibit attachment and entry of virus
Mimic gp41 region of virus envelop
Block fusion of envelop with the membrane

Answer 34

fusion inhibitors

Question 35

Blocks the incorporation of viral DNA into cell DNA

Answer 35

integrase inhibitors

Question 36

Glycoprotein produced by fibroblasts and

leukocytes in response to various immune stimuli

Answer 36

interferon

Question 37

what are MIC and MBC

Answer 37

Minimal inhibitory concentration and Minimal bactericidal

concentration

Question 38

occurs when the effect of two drugs together

is greater than the effect of either alone

Answer 38

synergism

Question 39

occurs when the effect of two drugs

together is less than the effect of either alone

Answer 39

antagonism

Question 40

Bacteria can acquire resistance via

Answer 40

Mutation and Horizontal transfer (plasmids)

Question 41

Six genera that are very good at combating
antibiotics
Cause the majority of nosocomial infections

Answer 41

ESKAPE

Question 42

what occurs when the bacterial defenses try to prevent entrance

Answer 42

Changes to membrane permeability

Modify the transporter

Question 43

what occurs when the bacterial defenses use efflux pumps

Answer 43

Quickly pump antibiotic out of cell so there is no

time for the antibiotic to act

Question 44

how does drug inactivation work as a bacterial defense

Answer 44

Chemical modification of drug, hydrolysis, and antibiotic destruction

Question 45

modify ribosome binding site without loss of function

Answer 45

erythromycin

Question 46

change the terminal D-alanine to D-lactate or D-serine

Answer 46

vancomycin