Antimicrobials Vaccines Flashcards
Vaccines are useful for diseases that are
acute
mimics the pathogen and stimulates an immune
system response similar to actual infection
vaccines
examples of vaccines
smallpox, polio, Hepatitis A and B,
measles
what diseases are vaccines not efficient against
chronic infections (deadly diseases) AIDS, herpes, Hepatitis C, malaria
deliberate inoculation of dried
pus into the arm of healthy person
used in 10th century
Variolation
Learned that milk maids did not fear smallpox as they had already been infected with cowpox
Published case reports of successful
attempts to prevent smallpox by exposure to cowpox
1796 Edward Jenner
term vaccination is derived from
vacca, for cow
The protection
immunity
protection of susceptible humans and animals
from communicable diseases by stimulation of
immune system
active immunity
produced by providing human or animal with
preformed antibodies
passive immunity
No new antibodies are formed
No memory is established
Protection is immediate
Short term effectiveness
passive immunity
immunocompetent individual
Creates immune memory
Requires several days to develop
Lasts a long time
active immunity
Uses specific antibodies against a known infectious
agent
Obtained from a convalescent person in
hyperimmune state from specific infections
passive artificial immunity
antitoxin of animal origin
antisera
Exposure to specially prepared microbial stimulus
triggering the immune response
Stimulus is antigenic but not pathogenic
artificial active immunity
Complex antigens, very immunogenic
Inactivated (killed)
Attenuated (live but avirulent)
whole organism vaccines
Often require larger doses and more booster shots
Humoral antibody response
inactivated whole organism
Usually require special storage
They are transmissible
They are less stable and may revert to virulent
form.
attenuated whole organism
Use specific macromolecules derived from the
pathogen
acellular vaccines
what are the three types of acellular vaccines
Capsular polysaccharides, surface antigen, and toxiods
Using plants to produce antigens
Use genetic engineering to produce antigens of
hard to culture parasites
acellular vaccines
gene from pathogen isolated and inserted into nonvirulent virus or bacterium
Recombinant vector vaccines
plasmid containing genes for pathogen’s
antigens is injected into host
plasmid taken up by muscle cells
DNA vaccines
The use of drugs to treat a disease
chemotherapy
Interfere with the growth of microbes
within a host
antimicrobial drugs
A substance produced by a microbe that, in small
amounts, inhibits another microbe
antibiotic
A drug that kills harmful microbes without
damaging the host
Selective toxicity
Kill microbes directly
Bactericidal
Prevent microbes from growing
Bacteriostatic
Inhibit folic acid synthesis
Broad spectrum
Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)
Several drugs have been developed that target specific
points in the infectious cycle
Therefore they have a narrow spectrum
Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents
Blocks elongation of DNA molecule
Inhibit reverse transcriptase
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs
Amino acid analogs
Inhibit breakdown of cellular proteins
Attach to reverse transcriptase and block
function
Protease inhibitors
Inhibit attachment and entry of virus
Mimic gp41 region of virus envelop
Block fusion of envelop with the membrane
fusion inhibitors
Blocks the incorporation of viral DNA into cell DNA
integrase inhibitors
Glycoprotein produced by fibroblasts and
leukocytes in response to various immune stimuli
interferon
what are MIC and MBC
Minimal inhibitory concentration and Minimal bactericidal
concentration
occurs when the effect of two drugs together
is greater than the effect of either alone
synergism
occurs when the effect of two drugs
together is less than the effect of either alone
antagonism
Bacteria can acquire resistance via
Mutation and Horizontal transfer (plasmids)
Six genera that are very good at combating
antibiotics
Cause the majority of nosocomial infections
ESKAPE
what occurs when the bacterial defenses try to prevent entrance
Changes to membrane permeability
Modify the transporter
what occurs when the bacterial defenses use efflux pumps
Quickly pump antibiotic out of cell so there is no
time for the antibiotic to act
how does drug inactivation work as a bacterial defense
Chemical modification of drug, hydrolysis, and antibiotic destruction
modify ribosome binding site without loss of function
erythromycin
change the terminal D-alanine to D-lactate or D-serine
vancomycin
