Ch1 Book Flashcards
minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye
microbes aka microorganisms
what do microbes include
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses
are microbes beneficial
yes the majority actually help maintain the balance of living organisms and chemicals in our environment
these are disease producing
pathogenic
this is a system for naming organisms
nomenclature
this was established in 1735 by Carolous Linnaeus
nomenclature
how does nomenclature assign names
genus (first name always capitalized) and species (follows and is not capitalized)
these are simple, single celled(unicellular) organisms that do not have genetic material enclosed in a nuclear membrane
bacteria
what do prokaryotes include
bacteria and archaea
this is rodlike bacteria
bacillus
this is spherical/ovoid bacteria
coccus
this is corckscrew or curved bacteria
spiral
this is a carbohydrate and protein complex in cell walls that enclose bacteria
peptidoglycan
this is the main substance of plant and algal cell walls
cellulose
bacterial reproduction that involves dividing into two equal parts
binary fission
appendage bacteria use to swim with
flagella
these consist of prokaryotic cells, have cell walls but do not have peptidoglycan
archaea
these are a type of archaea that produce methane as a waste product from respiration
methanogens
these are a type of archaea that live in extremely salty environments
extreme halophiles
these are a type of archaea that live in hot sulfurous water
extreme thermophiles
these are not known to cause disease in humans
archaea
these are unicellular, eukaryotic, a variety of shapes and move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia
protozoa
these move by using extensions of their cytoplasm
amebae
these live as free entities or parasites, some are photosynthetic and can reproduce sexually or asexually
protozoa
these are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and are unicellular
algae
how do algae reproduce
sexually and asexually
what composes the cell walls of algae
cellulose
what do algae produce and why is it important
oxygen and carbohydrates, important to the balance of nature
these can only be seen with an electron microscope and are acellualr
viruses
what does acellualr mean
not cellular
what is the core of viruses made of
nucleic acid(DNA or RNA) and surrounded by a protein coat(lipid membrane=envelope)
are viruses considered living
only when they multiply within the hose they infect(inert ourtide living hosts)
what are animal parasites
eukaryotic
two groups of animal parasites are what
flat worms and round worms(helminths)
who devised a system based on cellular organization of an organism and when
Carl Woese in 1978
these have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan
bacteria
these have cell walls(if present) that lack peptidoglycan
archaea
what does eukrya include
protists, fungi, plants and animals
in 1665 he used compound microscope to see individual cells this marked the beginning of cell theory
robert hooke
all living things are composed of cells
cell theory
he observed live microbes between 1673-1723 and made detailed drawings of animalcules that represent bacteria and protozoa
anton van leeuvenhoek
belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non living matter
spontaneous generation
he tried to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously in 1668
francesco redi
in 1745 he found that even after heating nutrient fluid the flasks held microorganisms
john needham
claim that living cells can arise fro preexisting living cells
biogenesis
in 1861 his curved neck trapped any airborne microorganisms that might contaminate the broth
Louis Pasteur
techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes
aseptic techniques
when was the golden age of microbiology and what did it do
1857-1914 and it established microbiology as a science
yeast converts sugars to alcohol in the absence of air
used to make wine and beer
bacteria can change alcohol into vinegar
fermentation
reduce spoilage and kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk and some alcohols
pasteurization
principle that microorganisms cause disease
germ theory of disease
aka carbolic acid
kills bacteria
began being used in 1860s to treat surgical wounds
phenol
in 1876 he discovered bacteria actually causes disease
discovered bacillus
robert koch
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
antibiotics
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the lab
synthetic drugs
example of synthetic drug
penicillin, antibiotic produced by a fungus
study of bacteria
bacteriology
study of fungi
mycology
parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
the study of all of an organism’s genes
genomics
study of immunity
immunology
study of viruses
virology
showed that fragments of animal DNA that code for important proteins can be attached to bacterial DNA
Paul Berg
a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources
recombinant DNA
mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
microbial genetics
studies how genetic info is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
molecular biology
are microorganisms pathogenic
only a small minority, most benefit humans and plants
what is the only thing that can naturally convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form available to plants and animals
bacteria
inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
gene therapy
the ability to ward off disease
resistance
complex aggregation of microbes
biofilm
disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host
infectious disease
diseases that are new and are increasing
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
disease that affects large number of individuals in a short period of time and occurs worldwide
global pandemic disease
what has become a global health crisis
antibiotic resistant bacteria
