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Microbiology > Ch 3 Book > Flashcards

Ch 3 Book Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a micrometer

A

10^-6

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2
Q

what is a nanometer

A

10^-9

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3
Q

this is the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens

A

light microscopy

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4
Q

series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination

A

compound light microscopy

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5
Q

what is a compound light microscope used for

A

to examine very small specimens and fine detail

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6
Q

this is the light source of a microscope

A

illuminator

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7
Q

these are the lenses closest to the specimen(primary)

A

objective lenses

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8
Q

this focuses light through the specimen on a microscope

A

condenser

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9
Q

this is the eyepiece that re-magnifies the image formed by the objective lens

A

ocular lens

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10
Q

this is the objective times the ocular

A

total magnification

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11
Q

this is the resolving power or ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail in structure (two points of a specified distance apart)

A

resolution

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12
Q

_______ the wavelength of light used in the instrument, the ______ the resolution

A

shorter; greater

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13
Q

the substance in which the specimen are suspended

A

medium

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14
Q

measure of the light, bending ability of a medium

this can change with staining

A

refractive index

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15
Q

specimen illuminated against light background

A

brightfield illumination

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16
Q

this is used to examine live microorganisms that either are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods or are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified

A

dark field microscopy

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17
Q

what is an example of something darkfield is used for

A

very thin spirochetes like Treponema pallidum

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18
Q

this permits detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms; uses refractive indexes (one beam)

A

phase contrast microscopy

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19
Q

is it necessary to fix or stain the specimen in phase contrast

A

no

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20
Q

relative brightness

A

reinforcement

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21
Q

relative darkness

A

interference

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22
Q

scattering of light rays as they touch a specimen

A

diffraction

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23
Q

this uses refractive indexes and two beams of light; prisms split each light beam and adds contrast

A

differential interference contrast

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24
Q

describe DIC

A

high resolution, brightly colored, 3D

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25
Q

this takes advantage of fluorescence

A

fluorescence microscopy

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26
Q

ability of a substance to absorb short wavelengths of light (ultraviolet) and give off light at a longer wavelength(visible)

A

fluorescence

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27
Q

what happens if a specimen does not naturally fluoresce

A

then stained with fluorochromes

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28
Q

AKA immunofluorescence

diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorchromes and viewed through fluorescence microscope

A

fluorescent antibody (FA) technique

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29
Q

natural defense molecules that re produced by humans and animals in reaction to a foreign substance

A

antibodies

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30
Q

foreign substance

A

antigen

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31
Q

technique in light microscopy used to reconstruct 3D images, specimen are stained with fluorochrome so they will emit light

A

confocal microscopy

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32
Q

describe confocal

A

do not illuminate entire field
uses a pinhole aperture
used in conjunction with computer(stack image and makes 3D)

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33
Q

used to evaluate cellular physiology by monitoring the distributions and concentrations of substances such as ATP

A

confocal

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34
Q

specimen are stained with fluorochrome, uses long wavelength and two photons, track activity of cells in real time

A

two photon microscopy

35
Q

consists of interpreting the action of a sound wave sent through a specimen
used to study living cells attached to another surface

A

scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM)

36
Q

used for objects smaller than 2 um
beam of electrons is used instead of light
greatest resolving power due to shorter wavelengths of electrons

A

electron microscopy

37
Q

always produce white and back images (may be colored artificially), uses electromagnetic lenses

A

electron microscopy

38
Q

finely focused beam of electrons from an electron gun passes through a specially prepared section of the specimen

A

transmission (TEM)

39
Q

what uses electromagnetic lenses to control illumination, focus, and magnification

A

transmission

40
Q

usually placed on a mesh grid

contrast is enhanced with staining

A

transmission

41
Q

why is negative staining useful

A

for the study of the very smallest specimen(like viruses, flagella, and proteins)

42
Q

what does micrograph usually mean

A

final image

43
Q

why is transmission valuable

A

it has high resolution and good for examining different layers of specimen

44
Q

this overcomes the problem of sectioning associated with a transmission electron microscope

A

scanning (SEM)

45
Q

describe scanning

A

provides 3D views of specimen, useful in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses

46
Q

uses various kinds of probes to examine the surface of a specimen using electric current(does not modify specimen or expose it to damaging radiation)

A

scanned probe microscopes

47
Q

this uses a thin metal probe that scans a specimen and produces an image revealing the bumps and depressions of the atoms on the specimens surface

A

scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

48
Q

what is STM used for

A

to provide incredibly detailed view of molecules, has a very high resolving power(greater than electron)

49
Q

a metal and diamond probe is gently forced down on the specimen
as it moves on the specimens surface its movements are recorded and a 3D image is produced

A

atomic force microscopy (AFM)

50
Q

what is AFM used for

A

used to image both biological substances and molecular processes

51
Q

this is coloring the microorganisms with dye that emphasizes certain structures

A

staining

52
Q

microorganisms must be attached to slide before staining can begin
this kills microorganisms and preserves them in their natural state

A

fixed

53
Q

how is fixing generally done

A

passed through bunsen burner

54
Q

this is the film that is spread over the surface of the slide

A

smear

55
Q

without fixing the stain what may occur

A

stain may wash the microbes off the slide

56
Q

what are stains composed of

A

positive and negative ions

57
Q

color is in the positive ion

A

basic dyes

58
Q

color is in the negative ion(not attracted to most bacteria)

A

acidic dyes

59
Q

why is it important that most bacteria are slightly negative

A

the colored positive ion in basic dyes is attracted to the negatively charged bacterial cell

60
Q

what are the basic dyes(more commonly used than acidic)

A

crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green, and safranin

61
Q

what do acidic dyes stain

A

colors of the background since repelled by bacteria

62
Q

describe negative staining

A

preparing colorless bacteria against a colored background

valuable for observing shape, size, and capsule of cell

63
Q

what are the three staining techniques

A

simple, differential, and special

64
Q

an aqueous solution of a single basic dye

A

simple stain

65
Q

what is the purpose of a simple stain

A

to highlight the entire microorganism so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible

66
Q

this is the chemical added to solution to intensify the stain, increases the affinity of a stain, also coats structures and makes thicker

A

mordant

67
Q

these react differently with different types of bacteria and thus are used to distinguish them

A

differential stains

68
Q

what are the most frequently used differential stains for bacteria

A

gram stain and acid fast stain

69
Q

this is one of the most useful staining procedures as it classifies bacteria into two large groups

A

gram stain

70
Q

what is the pneumonic device to remember order of gram stain procedure

A

publix makes dope cookies

71
Q

if bacteria remain purple

A

gram positive

72
Q

if bacteria turn pink

A

gram negative

73
Q

what is most consistent when used on young growing bacteria

A

gram reaction

74
Q

this binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in cell walls

A

acid fast stain

75
Q

what are acid fast stains primarily used to identify

A

mycobacterium (tuberculosis and leprosy)

76
Q

what dye is used in acid fast stain and why

A

carbolfuchsion (red dye) because acid fast microorganisms reatin it as it is more soluble in their cell wall lipids than in acid alcohol

77
Q

how are non acid fast bacteria identified

A

their cell wall lack lipids so carbolfuschion is removed (become colorless) and cells appear blue after counterstain is applied

78
Q

these are used to color and isolate specific parts of microorganisms(like flagella and endospores) and to reveal the presence of capsules

A

special stains

79
Q

determing the presence of a capsule means determining the organism’s _______

A

virulence

80
Q

degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

A

virulence

81
Q

what is more difficult than any other staining process

A

capsule staining

82
Q

special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions

A

endospore

83
Q

how do endospores become stained

A

malachite green, then heated(which helps penetrate wall), then safranin, endospore remains green and cell surrounding it is pink

Microbiology (26 decks)

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