Ch 3 Book Flashcards
what is a micrometer
10^-6
what is a nanometer
10^-9
this is the use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
light microscopy
series of lenses and uses visible light as its source of illumination
compound light microscopy
what is a compound light microscope used for
to examine very small specimens and fine detail
this is the light source of a microscope
illuminator
these are the lenses closest to the specimen(primary)
objective lenses
this focuses light through the specimen on a microscope
condenser
this is the eyepiece that re-magnifies the image formed by the objective lens
ocular lens
this is the objective times the ocular
total magnification
this is the resolving power or ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail in structure (two points of a specified distance apart)
resolution
_______ the wavelength of light used in the instrument, the ______ the resolution
shorter; greater
the substance in which the specimen are suspended
medium
measure of the light, bending ability of a medium
this can change with staining
refractive index
specimen illuminated against light background
brightfield illumination
this is used to examine live microorganisms that either are invisible in the ordinary light microscope, cannot be stained by standard methods or are so distorted by staining that their characteristics then cannot be identified
dark field microscopy
what is an example of something darkfield is used for
very thin spirochetes like Treponema pallidum
this permits detailed examination of internal structures in living microorganisms; uses refractive indexes (one beam)
phase contrast microscopy
is it necessary to fix or stain the specimen in phase contrast
no
relative brightness
reinforcement
relative darkness
interference
scattering of light rays as they touch a specimen
diffraction
this uses refractive indexes and two beams of light; prisms split each light beam and adds contrast
differential interference contrast
describe DIC
high resolution, brightly colored, 3D
this takes advantage of fluorescence
fluorescence microscopy
ability of a substance to absorb short wavelengths of light (ultraviolet) and give off light at a longer wavelength(visible)
fluorescence
what happens if a specimen does not naturally fluoresce
then stained with fluorochromes
AKA immunofluorescence
diagnostic tool using antibodies labeled with fluorchromes and viewed through fluorescence microscope
fluorescent antibody (FA) technique
natural defense molecules that re produced by humans and animals in reaction to a foreign substance
antibodies
foreign substance
antigen
technique in light microscopy used to reconstruct 3D images, specimen are stained with fluorochrome so they will emit light
confocal microscopy
describe confocal
do not illuminate entire field
uses a pinhole aperture
used in conjunction with computer(stack image and makes 3D)
used to evaluate cellular physiology by monitoring the distributions and concentrations of substances such as ATP
confocal