Ch 4 Book Flashcards
structurally how are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes
they are simpler and smaller
genetic material is not surrounded by a membrane
lack membrane enclosed organelles
how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar
both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, ad carbohydrates
describe the DNA in prokaryotes
not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome
not associated with histones
what do the cell wall of prokaryotes have
polysaccharide peptidoglycan
how do prokaryotes divide
by binary fission(DNA is copied and cell splits into two cells)
what do prokaryotes include
bacteria and archeae
what are the types of bacteria
cocci, bacilli, spiral
if remain in pairs after dividing, round
diplococci
if remain in chainlike pattern after dividing, round
streptococci
if remain attached in cubelike groups of 8
sarcinae
form grapelike clusters/broad sheets
staphylococci
fewer groupings of these than of cocci
bacilli
pairs after division, rodlike
diplobacilli
occur in chains, rodlike
streptobacilli
oval and look like cocci
coccobacilli
have one or more twists
spiral
look like curved rods
vibrios
helical shape/corckscrew
spirilla
helical and flexible
spirochetes
what is the shape of bacteria determined by
heredity
most bacteria, maintain single shape
monomorphic
bacteria that can have many shapes
pleomorphic
this is the sugar coat and is the substance that surrounds cells
glycocalyx
what is the glycocalyx composed of
sticky polymer composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide
if the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall
capsule
if the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall
slime layer
these protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host
capsules
this is an important component of biofilms
glycocalyx
a glycocalyx that helps cell in a biofilm attach to their target environment and eachother(protects the cells within it)
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
what does the glycocalyx also do
protect a cell against dehydration and its viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell
long filamentious appendages that propel bacteria
flagella
bacteria that lack flagella
atrichous
flagella that are distributed over the entire cell
peritrichous
flagella at both ends of the cell
polar