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Microbiology > Ch 4 Book > Flashcards

Ch 4 Book Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structurally how are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes

A

they are simpler and smaller
genetic material is not surrounded by a membrane
lack membrane enclosed organelles

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2
Q

how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar

A

both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, ad carbohydrates

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3
Q

describe the DNA in prokaryotes

A

not enclosed within a membrane and is usually a singular circularly arranged chromosome
not associated with histones

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4
Q

what do the cell wall of prokaryotes have

A

polysaccharide peptidoglycan

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5
Q

how do prokaryotes divide

A

by binary fission(DNA is copied and cell splits into two cells)

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6
Q

what do prokaryotes include

A

bacteria and archeae

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7
Q

what are the types of bacteria

A

cocci, bacilli, spiral

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8
Q

if remain in pairs after dividing, round

A

diplococci

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9
Q

if remain in chainlike pattern after dividing, round

A

streptococci

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10
Q

if remain attached in cubelike groups of 8

A

sarcinae

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11
Q

form grapelike clusters/broad sheets

A

staphylococci

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12
Q

fewer groupings of these than of cocci

A

bacilli

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13
Q

pairs after division, rodlike

A

diplobacilli

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14
Q

occur in chains, rodlike

A

streptobacilli

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15
Q

oval and look like cocci

A

coccobacilli

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16
Q

have one or more twists

A

spiral

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17
Q

look like curved rods

A

vibrios

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18
Q

helical shape/corckscrew

A

spirilla

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19
Q

helical and flexible

A

spirochetes

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20
Q

what is the shape of bacteria determined by

A

heredity

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21
Q

most bacteria, maintain single shape

A

monomorphic

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22
Q

bacteria that can have many shapes

A

pleomorphic

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23
Q

this is the sugar coat and is the substance that surrounds cells

A

glycocalyx

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24
Q

what is the glycocalyx composed of

A

sticky polymer composed of polysaccharide or polypeptide

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25
Q

if the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

A

capsule

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26
Q

if the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall

A

slime layer

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27
Q

these protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host

A

capsules

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28
Q

this is an important component of biofilms

A

glycocalyx

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29
Q

a glycocalyx that helps cell in a biofilm attach to their target environment and eachother(protects the cells within it)

A

extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

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30
Q

what does the glycocalyx also do

A

protect a cell against dehydration and its viscosity may inhibit the movement of nutrients out of the cell

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31
Q

long filamentious appendages that propel bacteria

A

flagella

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32
Q

bacteria that lack flagella

A

atrichous

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33
Q

flagella that are distributed over the entire cell

A

peritrichous

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34
Q

flagella at both ends of the cell

A

polar

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35
Q

single flagellum at one pole

A

monotrichous

36
Q

tuft of flagella at one pole

A

lophotrichous

37
Q

flagella at both poles

A

amphitrichous

38
Q

what are the three basic parts of the flagella

A

filament, hook, basal body

39
Q

this is the outermost region of flagella, contains flagellin

A

filament

40
Q

this is attached to filament of flagella, slightly wider, different protein

A

hook

41
Q

this anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
composed of rod inserted rings

A

basal body

42
Q

these types of cell contain two pairs of rings in the basal body of flagella

A

gram negative

43
Q

these types of cells contain one inner pair of rings in the basal body of flagella

A

gram positive

44
Q

ability of an organism to move by itself

A

motility

45
Q

what does motility enable the bacterium to do

A

move toward a favorable environment or away from an adverse one

46
Q

this is the movement of a bacterium towards or away from a particular stimulus

A

taxis

47
Q

what are the two types of taxis

A

chemotaxis and phototaxis

48
Q

what is useful for distinguishing among serovars

A

H antigen

49
Q

these are variations within a species of gram negative bacteria

A

serovars

50
Q

AKA endoflagella

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

A

axial filaments

51
Q

these are hairlike appendages that consist of pilin

A

fimbriae and pili

52
Q

this is involved in forming biofilms and other aggregations on the surfaces of liquids

A

fimbriae

53
Q

these help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces and are primarily used for attachment

A

fimbriae

54
Q

how many fimbriae are usually found per cell

A

range from several to a couple hundred

55
Q

this is longer than fimbriae and only has two per cell

A

pili

56
Q

what are pili involved in

A

motility and DNA transfer

57
Q

pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with another cell and then retracts

A

twitching motility

58
Q

smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria

provides a means for microbes to travel in environments with a low water content

A

gliding motility

59
Q

transfer DNA from one cell to another

A

conjugation (sex) pili

60
Q

this protects the interior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment; all prokaryotes have this!

A

cell wall

61
Q

what is the function of cell walls

A

Prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is > than that outside the cell
Maintains the shape of the bacterium and anchorage point for flagella

62
Q

when does the cell wall extend

A

as the volume of the cell increases

63
Q

what are bacterial cell walls composed of??

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

64
Q

what does peptidoglycan consist of

A

repeating disaccharide attached by polypeptides to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the cell

65
Q

this links adjacent rows

A

polypeptides

66
Q

destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm

A

lysis

67
Q

cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan

forms a thick, rigid structure

A

gram positive cell walls

68
Q

these contain teichoic acids

A

gram positive cell walls

69
Q

what do teichoic acids consist of

A

alcohol and phosphate

70
Q

this spans the peptidoglycan layer and is linked to the plasma membrane

A

lipoteichoic acid

71
Q

this is linked to the peptidoglycan layer

A

wall teichoic acid

72
Q

what do teichoic acids do

A

bind and regulate the movement of cations into and out of the cell due to its negative charge
provide wall’s antigenic specificity

73
Q

what are gram positive cell wall covered with

A

polysaccharides

74
Q

these type of cells have one or VERY FEW layers of peptidoglycan

A

gram negative cell walls

75
Q

what is peptidoglycan bonded to in gram negative cells

A

lipoproteins in the outer membrane

76
Q

this is a gel like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane in gram negative cells

A

periplasm

77
Q

do gram negative cells contain teichoic acid

A

NO

78
Q

which type of cells are more susceptible to mechanical breakage and why

A

gram negative because there is a small amount of peptidogylcan

79
Q

what does the outer membrane of gram negative cells consist of

A

lipoproteins, phospholipids, and lipopoysaccharides(LPS)

80
Q

what does the outer membrane do in gram negative cells

A

provides barrier to certain antibodies by does not provide barrier to all substances

81
Q

these permit passage of molecules such as nucleotides and peptides

A

porins

82
Q

these consist of lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O polysaccharides

A

LPS

83
Q

what does lipid A do

A

acts as an endotoxin when bacteria die

84
Q

what does the core polysaccharide do

A

provides stability

85
Q

what does O polysaccharide do

A

distinguishes species

Microbiology (26 decks)

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