Respiration Flashcards
the need for cellular respiration
To include examples of why plants, animals and
microorganisms need to respire (suitable examples
could include active transport and an outline of
named metabolic reactions).
factors are dependednt on metabolic reactions taking place in cells
* grow
* respind to changes in the environment
* find/make food
* reproduce
more specific examples
* active transparent - uptake of nitrates in root hair cells, selective reabsorbtion of glucose and amino acids in the kideny, conduction of nerve cells
* anabolic reactions- building of poly ers like protein polysacharides
* movemnt- brought about by cilia , flagella, contractile filaments in muscle cells
define
respiration
complex is the process by which organic molecules such as glucose are broken down linked to the synthesis of atp
define
anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.
recall the
equation of respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2->6CO2+6H20
energy can only be
released or absorbed- never lost, produced, made, created
what is respiration
not define
Respiration is a series of reactions that convert chemical energy stored in carbohydrates into ATP. It takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Its the processes that converts energy within the bonds of glucose into a more readily available form ; ATP
explain the differences between
aerobic and anerobic respiration
aerobic:
- reactions and products are the same in plants, animals, yeast
- water is produced
- more atp is produced
- glucose is fully broken down
- it has more steps post glycolis aka link reaction, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation
anerobic
- two types:ethanal fermentation in plants and yeast or lactate fermentation in animals
what are the 4 steps of
glycolysis
1.phosphorylation of glucose to hexose biphosphate the two phosphates are released frpm two atp molecules
2.lysis hexose biphosphate then splits into two molecules of triosphosphate because its been destabalised
3.phosphorylation another phosphate group (this time from free inorganic Pi present in cytoplasm) to form triose biphosphate
4. oxidation
- dehydrogentation- the two triose phosphate molucles are oxidised to pyravate by the removal of hydrogen each producing a molecule of reduced nad (nadh)
* formation each trios biphosphate produces two molecules of atp
whats the net gain at glyclolsyss
2 atp molecues (4 but you used two fpr initail phosphorylation) and 2 nadh
where does
glycolysis take place?
in cell cytoplasm
what is
substrate phosphorylation
when ATP is synthesised without ETC. Instead its synthesied by the transfer of phosphate groups from a phosphorylated intermediate to adp
is glycolysis
anerobic or aerobic
anerobic
1st stage in both
what happens to nadh formed at glycolysis
go to oxidative phosphorlyation
what are the three title for oxygen dependince in organisms
- obligate anerobes
- faculative anerobes
- obligate aerobes
give a description and example
of the oxygen dependence
- obligate anerobes - cannot survive in the presence of 02, almost all prokaryotes and some fungi
- faculative anerobes - can switch to anerobic eg yeast
- obligate aerobes - eg. mamals require o2 to synethesis atp
what is
fermentation
is the process by which complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler inorganic compounds without the use of oxygen or involvmet of the etc
atp syntheised by substrate phosphorylation only
the end product of fermentation in yeast and some plant root cells is …
ethanol and co2
the end product of fermentaion in animal cells is….
lactate
why does the lack of oxygen
prevent aerobic respiration
when there is no 02 to act as the final electron acceptor at the end of the etc in oxidative phosphorylation the flow of electrons stops. this means synthesis of atp by chemiosmosis stops and reduced NAD and reduced FAD are no longer available to be oxidised beacuse there is no where for the elecrtrons to go. so nad and fad cannnot regenerate and so decarboxylation and oxidation of pyravate and the krebs cycle come to a hault as there is no coenzyme available to accept the hydrogens being removed. Glycolysis would also hault if not fore the process of fermentation.
sketch out the proces
of alcohol fermentation
see notes
sketch out the processes
of lactate fermentation
see notes
can alcohol fermentation conrinue indefitley and why?
yes its not only a short term however ethanol is toxic so conc above 15% accumilating kills yeast cells
can lactate fermentation conrinue indefitley and why?
no becuase not enough ATP produced to maintain vital processes for long period of time and accumilation of lactic acid is acidic denaturinf respiration enzymes
what is the process of anerobic respiration
to reoxidise nadh to NAD so glycolisi can continue
is the two types of anerobic respiration reversible and why??
lactate fermentation yes beacuse lactate is broken down again into glucose in the liver however that process requires oxygen
alcohol fermentation is irreversible beacuse a carbon is lost
which makes more atp and why
anerobic or aerobic
anerobic makes less atp beacuse only one atp producing stage: glycolysis only 2 atp per glucose
which respiritoty substrate releases most energy
loipids, protein, carbs beacuse higher proportion of H atoms per mass can reduce most NAD’FAD so more atp generated
link reaction happens
where?
mitocondrial matrix
what is the first step of the
link reaction
decarboxylated and dehydrogenayed to acetate
sketch the process of the
link reaction
see notes
link reaction also known as
oxidative decarboxylation
acetate in link reaction combinds with ….to produce
coenzyme a to form acetyl coenzyme A
net gain of
link reaction
1 co2
1nadh
