12.1 animal and plant pathogens Flashcards
comunicable disease
can be passed from one organism to another are caused by infective organisms
pathogens
microorganisms that cause disease
- bacteria
- fungi
- protist
- virus
vectors
carry pathogens from one organism to another eg. insect, water
bacteria are …. pro/euk
prokaryotes
protists are … euk/pro
eukaryotic
Viruses are …
non-living (take over living cells to reproduce)
fungi are … euk/pro
eukaryotic
pathogens can damage in two ways
- damage host directly: viruses take over metabolism and destroy the cells they reproduce in some protists do this too, fungi digest living cells
- produce toxins that damage host tissue: eg. bacteria produce toxins that damage membranes or inactivate enzymes, some fung produce toxins
direct transmisssion eg. x3
- inoculation - breaks skin eg hiv,sharing needles, bite
- direct contact-skin to skin sexual
- ingestion - contaminated food
indirect transmission
- fomities-intimate objects eg. bedding cosmetics
- droplet infection
- vectors eg water mosquito
- soil contamination
factors impact likleyhood of infection
- overcrowding
- climate change
- infastructure
- poor nutrition
- disposal of waste
Ring rot
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause-bacteria
mode of transmission - infected potaote tubers
preventation -regularly disinfect machinery in potatoe factory
treatment -none
effects what - potaote tomatoe aubergine
impact - destroys 80% crop feild needs 2yrs if infeted
Tobaco mosaic virus
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause- virus
mode of transmission - leaves rubbing contaminsated tools
preventation - dont handle diseased plants and then others
treatment - resistant strains available
effects what - damages leaves s
impact-stunded growth reduced crop
potatoe blight
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause- protocist
mode of transmission - spores across feild
preventation - chemical treatment
treatment - resistant strains exsist
effects what tomatoe potatoe
impact penertrates host ad destroys fruit
black sigatoka
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause- fungus
mode of transmission - wind spore
preventation - fungicide
treatment - fungicide not cure but control
effects what - bannah leaf
impact- 50% less yeild
tuberculosis
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause bacteria
mode of transmission air
preventation vaccination
treatment antibiotics
effects what humans cattel pig
impact destroys lung tissue supresses imune system
bacterial menengitis
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause bavteria
mode of transmission droplets
preventation vaccines
treatment antibiotics early stages
effects what young children
impact neck stiffness headache rash
HIV/AIDS
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause virus - retrovirus
mode of transmission shared needles sex
preventation protected sex no needle sharing
treatment no vaccine no cure only antiviral drugs
effects what mainly humans
impact destroys imune system
Influenza
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause- virus
mode of transmission - droplets
preventation - hygine
treatment - vaccine
effects what mamals
impact kills epithelial cells leading to airways so open to secondary infection
Malaria
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause protist
mode of transmission mosi bite
preventation mosi nets
treatment antimalaria drugs, malaria antibody vaccine
effects what humans and animals
impact invades liver and rbc cells leaves weak and vunrable to more infection
Ring worm
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause- fungal
mode of transmission- direct skin to skin contact
preventation keep skin dry and clean
treatment antifungal cream
effects what mammals
impact itchy scaly arms and legs
athletes foot
cause
mode of transmission
preventation
treatment
effects what
impact
cause-fungal
mode of transmission showers pools
preventation keep toes dry and clean
treatment antifungal
effects what human
impact flaky itchy sore
physical barriers to pathogens
skin- sebum oily antiseptic
skin flora- natural large pop of healthy acteria
lysozyme - in mucas saliva rotects against infections, acts as a natural antibiotic, and enhances the efficacy of other antibiotics
mucus membranes
inflamatory response indicators x3
- red
- warm
- swelling
what brings about the inflamatory response
- histamines- trigger vascodilations more permiable to flush it out through tissue fluid into lymph
- cytokines attract wbc to dispose of pathogens by phagocytosis
Blood clotting is a … affect
cascade
blood clotting process
- damaged tissue
- platlets are activated
- stimulates release of thromboplastin
- this catalyses prothrombin to join Ca2+
- to produce thrombin
- thrombin catalyses fibrogen to become fibrin
- wich froms a clot
nonspecific defences keeping pathogens out
- physical barriers
- blood clotting
- inflamatory response
non specific - gets rid of pathogens
- fever - higher temps can inhibit pathogen reproduction, specific immune system works faster at higher temp
- phagocytosis
- chemicals
phagocytosis
- phagocyte surounds and engulfs the pathogen recognised by its foreign antigens
- phagosome moves towards lysosome
- they fuse : phagolysosome
- the pathogen is digested
- antigens bind to MHC in the cytoplasm
- becomes a MHC complex antigen presenting cell
what cells do phagocytosis
neutrophils can by macropharges do and take longer but they become antigen presenting cells apc’s stimulate a specific imune response
