3.3 carbohydtrates

Question 1

What are the monomers in volved in making up carboydrates?

Answer 1

monosacharides

Question 2

What are the two types of glucose molecules and their differneces and similatrities in structure?

Answer 2

Both hexose monosacaride
Alpha - H above the OH group on C1
Beta- OH group above H group on C1

Question 3

give and example of a

hexose and pentose monosacarides

Answer 3

pentose: eg. ribose 5 carbons
Hexose: eg glucose 6 carbons

Question 4

what elements make up

carbohydrates?

Answer 4

H O C

Question 5

Monosacharides join to produce

Answer 5

disacharides or polysacharides

Question 6

what bond holds monosacharides together

Answer 6

glycosidic (oxygen bridge)

Question 7

what is the reaction of the synthesis of glycosidc bond called?

Answer 7

condenstation reaction

Question 8

what reaction breaks the glycosidic bond

Answer 8

hydrolisis

Question 9

Sugar is a general term for

Answer 9

di or poly sacarides

Question 10

…………+……….—> maltose

Answer 10

a-glucose+a-glucose

Question 11

…………+……….—> sucrose

Answer 11

a-glucose + fructose

Question 12

…………+……….—>lactose

Answer 12

a or b-glucose + galactose

Question 13

Starch
* function?
* structure?
* properties that make it suited to its function?
* two types and their properties and structure?

Answer 13

Starch
* energy storage in plants (excess glucose)
* made up of** a-glucose**
* insoluble: so wont swell due to osmosis
* - amylose: long, coiled and unbranched for compact sotorage, 1,4 gylcosidic bonds
* -amylopectin:long brancehed chain quick release because enzyme has more acsess points 1,4 glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glycosid bonds

Question 14

Glycogen
* function?
* structure?
* properties that make it suited to its function?

Answer 14

• energy storage in animals- excess glucose stored as glycogen
• polysacaride of a-glucose 1,4 & 1,6 glycosid bonds
• Very branched more than amylopectin- fast release of glucose for mobile animals
• compact- good for storage

Question 15

Celluslose
* function?
* structure?
* properties that make it suited to its function?

Answer 15

• cell wall structure and support
• long and unbranched alternating beta glucose with H-bonds between cellulose chains
• strong microfibrils due to the additional H- bonds for further structural support
• beta glucose alternating chain, hydrogen bonds between chains, microfibril, macrofibril, cellulose fibre

Question 16

B-glucose vs A-glucose chains

Answer 16

Beta- OH group on top so chain is alternating every other monomer is flipped (180) upsidedown relative to neighbouring molecule
Alpha H group on top

Question 17

which sugars have reducing properties?

Answer 17

maltose and lactose

Question 18

which sugar has is non-reducing?

Answer 18

sucrose

Question 19

explain when polymerised glucose forms cellulose and not starch

Answer 19

the hydroxly group on c1 is above the ring so alternate glucose molecules must rotate 180, so the hydroxyfrom c1 and c4 are close enough to react, when condensation takes place this forms glycosidic bonds the rotation of glucose molecules produces straight chain cellulose, the sahpe of alpha molecules that dont need to rotate 180 causes the starch to coil.